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algeria gender education

Journal of Education Social Policy Vol No June doi jesp v n p Gender Inequity in Education in Algeria When Inequalities are Reversed Ouadah-Bedidi Zahia Université Paris Diderot- Paris Unité de Recherche Migrations et Sociétés URMIS Institut national d ? études démographiques INED Paris France Abstract In Algeria education was long a privilege reserved for men Since Algeria became independent one of the priorities of the country has been to bring all children regardless of sex to school Forty years after independence almost all children aged - both boys and girls attend school and access to upper secondary schools and universities has been opened to everyone However past age the limit for compulsory schooling girls continue to study longer than boys and have more success earning diplomas a trend which re ects a surprising inversion of the gender imbalance in education This phenomenon which started in large cities and some pioneering wilayas quickly spread to villages and di ?used throughout the national territory This is one of the major changes that has taken place in modern Algeria the development of which must be analysed objectively as it brings up many questions concerning its causes and e ?ects Keywords Algeria education gender inequalities Introduction In Algeria enrollment and education have long been privileges enjoyed by men who have historically had higher rates of enrollment at - years higher literacy rates as adults higher diplomas obtained higher levels of education by age and so on Until the s the indicators in every census and demographic survey pointed to this trend However the policy to educate all children regardless of sex that has been implemented in the country since its independence has had results well beyond the expected e ?ect Not only did free and compulsory education for children up to years old quickly prove to be enough to provide basic education for all children but once they entered the school system girls were found to be more likely to take full advantage of their education and continue their studies into high school and university Since the early s this phenomenon has become increasingly evident in the records of the Ministry of Education and the National O ?ce of Statistics ONS Ouadah-Bedidi CNES and ONS and This imbalance between men and women in terms of educational achievements is now clearly tipped in favor of women in high school and university the graduation rate for girls far exceeds that of boys This phenomenon is not speci ?c to Algeria Females catching up to males in secondary schools and at university had already been identi ?ed as a global trend by international agencies by the end of the s UNESCO PNUD In France for example the number of girls who earned their baccalauréat high school diploma had exceeded that of boys by the mid- s Lévy and the gap continued to widen in the years that followed Baudelot and Establet Caspard Given Algeria's more entrenched social inequalities one might have expected that the spread of