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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342591184 EVOLUTION OF MODERN INSECT CLASSIFICATION: A COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNT Article · June 2020 CITATION 1 READS 8,102 5 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Scarabaeidae of Indian subcontinent View project grapevine insect pest management View project Rahul Kumar Sheodeni Sao College, Magadh University 16 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Shashank P. R. Indian Agricultural Research Institute 127 PUBLICATIONS 895 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Naresh Meshram Indian Agricultural Research Institute 77 PUBLICATIONS 346 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Kolla Sreedevi ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources 86 PUBLICATIONS 305 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Shashank P. R. on 03 December 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. J. Appl. Zool. Res. (2020) (1): 1-15 31 ISSN 0970-9304 EVOLUTION OF MODERN INSECT CLASSIFICATION: A COMPREHENSIVEACCOUNT RAHUL KUMAR , SHASHANK, P.R. * NARESH, M. MESHRAM , ANOOJ, S. S. AND KOLLASREEDEVI Historia Animalium 1 1 1 1 2 1= Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012,India 2= Division of Germplasm Collection and Characterization, ICAR-National Bureau of AgriculturalInsectResources,Hebbal,BellaryRoad,Bengaluru– 560 024,India *EmailID:spathour@gmail.com(correspondingauthor) Classification,Insecta,Monophyly,Phylogeny,Systematics Being the most evolutionary successful animals on the planet Earth and the most diverse ones, insects were never easy to classify. Insect classification has evolved through hundreds of years.With advent of new technologies, use of molecular tools and discovery of new fossil records, insect classification has been revised from time to time. The evolution of modern classification of insects is often studied under four subheadings as given by ENGEL and KRISTENSEN (2013). These subheadings demarcate different stages of progress in insect classification that is based on the timeline of a set of changes and progression, hence are called . These stages are: the Pre-Linnean Era, the Linnean Era, the Darwinian Era, and the Hennigian Era and other developments (ENGEL and KRISTENSEN, 2013). With transition of one era into another, the misconceptions of previous one were discarded and crude ideas were more refined with more number of evidences, trying to make the classification system as natural as possible minimizing all sorts of artificialities. A list of important literary contributions from past on insect classification is provided in Table-1 in chronologicalorder. The most primitive evidence on insect classification comes from the writings of Aristotle (384-322 BC), who, in his book , grouped all flying insects with other flying animals like bats and birds which reflects huge artificiality in his classification (WEISS, Received:18 December, 2019 Accepted:31 March,2020 KEYWORDS: INTRODUCTION eras ThePre-Linnean Era ABSTRACT: Insects are the most numerous and diverse group of animals in the entire animal kingdom. Insect classification has evolved in different phases over a considerable period of time. There are four different phases or eras, ., the Pre-Linnean Era, the Linnean Era, the Darwinian Era, and the Hennigian Era and other developments. Among all eras the Hennigian Era marks a revolutionary shift in classification of insects with introduction of Phylogenetic Systematics that strictly considers monophyly of different taxa to decide their respective positions within the tree of classification. Modern classification of insects is based on knowledge gained from multiple sources like Anatomy, Paleontology, Molecular Biology, and Embryology leading to a more natural and reliable classification scheme. Modern classification of insects also reflects their phylogeny. With new findings and advent of new technologies there is always a scope of change in the existing frameworkofinsectclassificationinfuture. viz 1929). Insects were often perceived to arise spontaneously (a conception, often dubbed as “ ”,whichwaslaterdisprovedbyvariousworkers). the theoryofspontaneousgeneration Table-1: Important books on insect classification in past and their authors (based on ENGEL andKRISTENSEN, 2013) Author BookTitle Aristotle(384-322 BC) St. Isidoreof Seville(ca.560-636 BC) UlisswAldrovandiof Bologna(1522-1603) ThomasMouffet(1553-1604) John Ray(1627-1705) MariaSibyllaMerian(1647-1717) August JohannRöselvon Rosenhof (1705-1759) CarlLinnaeus(1707-1778) Johan ChristianFabricius(1745-1808) PierreAndrè Latreille(1762-1833) WilliamSharpMacLeay(1792-1865) WilliamKirby(1759-1850) and WilliamSpence(1783-1850) KarlHermannKonradBurmeister (1807–1892) John ObadiahWestwood (1805–1893) ErnstHeinrichPhilippAugust Haeckel (1834–1919) Alpheus Spring Packard(1839–1905) Anton Handlirsch(1865–1935) Frank M. Carpenter(1902–1994) August D. Imms(1881–1949) EmilHansWilliHennig(1913–1976) HistoriaAnimalium Etymologiae DeAnimalibusInsectinLibri VII InsectorumsiveMinimorumAnimalium Theatrum Historia Insectorum Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium Insecten-Belustigung SystemaNaturae,FaunaSvecica PhilosophiaEntomologica,Systema Entomologiae,Genera Insectorum Précisdes CaractèresGénériquesdes Insectes Horae Entomologicae(Essays on the AnnuloseAnimals) AnIntroductiontoEntomology De Insectorum SystemateNaturali, Handbuch derEntomologie AnIntroductiontotheModern ClassificationofInsects GenerelleMorphologie GuidetotheStudyofInsects DieFossilenInsekten Brues &Melander’s ClassificationofInsects (2nd ed.),Treatiseon Invertebrate Paleontology GeneralTextbookofEntomology Grundzügeeiner Theorieder phylogenetischen Systematik, DieStammesgeschichteder Insekten Saint Isidore of Seville (ca. 560-636 BC), in his book Etymologie, recognized two separate groups, De verminibus and De minutisvolatibus (though both these groups were of insects, these were not included formally under a common insect group) (Barney ., 2006) (Fig. 1). et al 02 JOURNAL OF APPLIED ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES Fig.1:Twodistinctandmutuallyunrelatedgroupsof“Insects”proposedbySaintIsidoreofSeville Invention of microscope and printing press during 15 century (GUENTHER, 2002) paved way for remarkable revisions of the insect classification. Marcello Malphighi (1628-1694) and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) studied anatomy of insects using microscope. Inspired by Malphighi study on silkworm, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) became pioneer in microscopic study of insect anatomy ( ) and has put forward a revolutionary classification of insects in 1669 based on their modes of development, which is in use still today. Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605) of Bologna is credited to write the first specialized text exclusively on the study of insects (OGILVIE, 2008). Aldrovandi in 1602 distinguished insects based on their habitat mainly land and water (terrestrial and aquatic) and attempted classification of insects based on wing and leg morphology. Thomas Mouffet (1553-1604) attempted to classify insects based on their habits in his book (KRISTENSEN, 1999). An influential work of this era on classification of insects based on their morphology, biology, ecology and anatomy was produced by John Ray (1627-1705) in his book (RAVEN, 1942). Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), Furchault de Reaumur (1683-1756) and Rösel von Rosenhof (1705-1759) extensively studied the life histories of insects and along with John Ray, they influenced the research work of Linnaeus (ENGELand KRISTENSEN, 2013). As the name reflects, this era includes the period when Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) put forth a systematic classification of insects in 10 edition of his book wherein the bionomial nomenclature as the convention of naming the organisms was popularized. He classified insects on the basis of presence or absence and the number of wings present in adult insect. He recognised three “alae” under class Insecta, namely Aptera with no wings, Diptera with 2 wings, Superior alae with 4 wings and Omnes with 4 wings (LINNAEUS, 1758 (Fig. 2). Johan Christian Fabricius (1745-1808) classified insects on the basis of mouth parts and he regarded it as a more natural character than number of wings (Fig. 3). He published his system of classification in his books and ( ). Baron Charles De Geer (1720-1778) tried to unite systems of Linnaeus and Fabricius and proposed a new order Dermaptera. GuillaumeAntoine Olivier (1756-1814) recognised another new order Orthoptera (earlier included under Neuroptera) ( ENGELandKRISTENSEN, 2013). th th Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Thetrum Historia Insectorum Systema Naturae Systema Entomologiae Genera Insectorum The Linnean Era SMITH, MITTLER and SMITH, 1973 ) SMITH ., 1973 SMITH 1973; et al etal., 03 JOURNAL OF APPLIED ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES GlovamiAntonio Scopoli (1723-1788) stated that classification should be based on whole structure of the insects. Utilising multiple traits, PIERRE ANDRÈ LATREILLE (1762-1833) proposed the classification of insects that is considered first truly natural classification of insects (Fig. 4) ( ). His contemporaries, Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844), Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and Georges Cuvier (1769- 1832) are credited of studying comparative anatomy, homology, and evolution of different animal groups including insects' thereby influencing biology as a whole on a wider level (APPEL, 1987; RACINE, 2013). William Sharp MacLeay's (1792-1869) quninarian system and Edward Newman's septenary system of classification were based on the philosophy of Lamarck but were quiet weird in the sense that these always involved grouping and subgrouping of insects into 5 and 7 taxa (order, families, etc.), respectively (ENGEL and KRISTENSEN, 2013). William Kirby (1759-1850) proposed two new orders i.e. order Strepsiptera and order Trichoptera and along with William Spence (1783-1850), he wrote a book “An Introduction to Entomology”. is considered as the (CLARK, 2009). Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (1807-1892) classified insects mainly on the basis of different kinds of metamorphosis and to some extent he also considered other characters like wings and mouthparts ( ENGEL and KRISTENSEN, 2013)(Fig. 5). William Kirby Father of Entomology SMITH ., 1973 SMITH , 1973; et al et al. 04 JOURNAL OF APPLIED ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES Fig. 2 Classification of insects proposed by Linnaeus Fig. 3 Classification of insects proposed by Fabricius Fig.4:Latreille’s Classificationofinsects Fig.5: Burmeister’s Classificationofinsects Fig. 6: Westwood’s Classification of “Hexapod Metamorphotic Insects” Westwood (1805-1893) of Oxford University proposed a classification of “Hexapod metamorphotic insects” based mainly on the type of mouth parts. He recognised various seriesorders andfewosculantorderswhichactas connectinglinksbetweentwo seriesorders (Fig. 6). Instead of various drawbacks like considering Thysanoptera to be osculant order between order Orthoptera and Neuroptera, by describing consistent patterns of characters andpointingconnectinglinks (WESTWOOD,1839;WESTWOOD,1840). In this era, studies on the classification of insects achieved new horizons as these were initiated to study under the light of evolution after Charles Darwin (1809-1882) proposed his revolutionary “Theory of Natural Selection” of organic uploads/Geographie/ azrareviewarticle.pdf