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TARTU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF THEOLOGY CHAIR FOR ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN STUDIES PEE

TARTU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF THEOLOGY CHAIR FOR ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN STUDIES PEETER ESPAK ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN GODS ENKI AND EA: DIACHRONICAL ANALYSIS OF TEXTS AND IMAGES FROM THE EARLIEST SOURCES TO THE NEO-SUMERIAN PERIOD MASTER’S THESIS Supervised by Prof. THOMAS RICHARD KÄMMERER Co-supervised by Prof. WALTHER SALLABERGER TARTU 2006 CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1 1. Prehistoric Manifestations of Enki 10 1.1. Eridu Temple 10 1.2. Abzu 13 1.3. Conclusions 17 CHAPTER 2 2. Names and Origins of Enki and Ea 18 2.1. Enki 19 2.1.1. Enki in UD.GAL.NUN Texts and Emesal Speech 19 2.1.2. Enki-Ninki Deities 22 2.1.3. Possible Translations of the Name Enki 23 2.1.3.1. Enki Translated “Lord of the Earth” 23 2.1.3.2. Enki Interpreted Enki(g/k) 27 2.1.3.3. Possible Pre-Sumerian Etymology of the Name Enki 30 2.2. Ea 31 2.2.1. Semitic Etymology of Ea 32 2.2.2. É-a Translated “Living” 34 2.2.3. Pre-Sumerian Origins of Ea 35 2.3. Conclusions 36 CHAPTER 3 3. Enki in Old-Sumerian Sources 39 3.1. Enki Related to Abzu and Eridu 39 3.2. Enki Related to ¡estú 41 3.3. Urukagina 4, Ur-Nanše 49, and the Reeds of Enki 42 3.4. Enki-Ninki Deities and the God Enki in Old-Sumerian Sources 46 3.5. Enki in Old-Sumerian Texts of Varied Contents 49 3.5.1. Mythological Texts 49 3.5.2. Incantations 52 3.5.3. Offering Lists and Personal Names 54 3.6. Enki in Listings of Deities 55 3.6.1. Abū •alābīkh and Fāra God Lists 56 3.6.2. Listings of Deities in Old-Sumerian Royal Inscriptions 58 3.7. An Attempt of Genealogy of Enki Based on Old-Sumerian Sources 59 3.8. Conclusions 60 CHAPTER 4 4. Enki/Ea in Old-Akkadian Sources 63 4.1. Enki/Ea in Old-Akkadian Royal Inscriptions 63 4.2. Enki/Ea in God Lists and Offering Lists from Ebla 66 4.3. Enki/Ea in Old-Semitic Literary and Magical Compositions 67 4.4. Representations of Enki/Ea in Old-Akkadian Glyptic Art 74 4.5. Conclusions 79 CHAPTER 5 5. Enki in Neo-Sumerian Sources 81 5.1. Second Dynasty of Lagaš 81 5.2. Ur III Period Royal Praise Poetry and Royal Inscriptions 84 5.2.1. Ur-Namma 84 5.2.2. Šulgi 88 5.2.3. Amar-Su’en 93 5.2.4. Šu-Su’en 94 5.2.5. Ibbi-Su’en 95 5.2.6. Puzur-Eštar 96 5.3. “The Curse of Agade” 97 5.4. Enki in Neo-Sumerian Incantations 98 5.5. The God …aia 101 5.6. Enki’s Representations in Neo-Sumerian Art 103 5.7. Conclusions 105 CHAPTER 6 6. Enki in Sumerian Epic Stories and Myths 107 6.1. Enki in Sumerian Epic Stories 108 6.1.1. Enmerkar and Lugalbanda 108 6.1.2. Gilgameš 110 6.2. Myths of Enki 111 6.2.1. “Enki and Nin`ursa¡” 113 6.2.2. “Enki and Ninma`” 116 6.3. Conclusions 121 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 123 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 128 ABBREVIATIONS 129 TEXTUAL ABBREVIATIONS 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 RESÜMEE 154 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The current master’s thesis is a continuation of a bachelor’s thesis defended in June 2004 at the Faculty of Theology of Tartu University under the title “Diachronical Analysis of the Theological Concept of Enki and Ea.” I would like to express my deep gratitude to Thomas Richard Kämmerer, Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Studies of the Faculty of Theology at Tartu University, for supervising the thesis and providing me with several critical comments during the preparation of the study. I am especially thankful to Professor Walther Sallaberger, whose suggestions and critical remarks during my six-month stay at the Institut für Assyriologie und Hethitologie in Munich were of especial value for the completion of the thesis. I would also like to thank Tarmo Kulmar, Professor of Comparative Religion at Tartu University, and my colleague in Ancient Near Eastern studies at Tartu University, Vladimir Sazonov, for allowing me their advice and help when ever needed. The thesis was supported by Kristjan Jaak Scholarship of the Archimedes Foundation for working at the library of the Institut der Assyriologie und Hethtitologie of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München from October 2005 to April 2006. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the master’s thesis titled “Ancient Near Eastern Gods Enki and Ea: Diachronical Analysis of Texts and Images from the Earliest Sources to the Neo- Sumerian Period” is to offer an overview of the religious-historical development of the Mesopotamian deities Enki and Ea from the earliest archaeological and written records until the Neo-Sumerian era. The mentioning of “diachronical analysis” in the title refers to the methodological aim to study all the textual examples and other evidence in a chronological order, as much as it is possible in the case of the Mesopotamian sources.1 The chronological order of the given examples should enable to detect when and where a specific characteristic of the gods Enki and Ea2 appeared during the course of Mesopotamian history. The reason for such a practice stands in the fact that too often the materials concerning the god Enki or other topics from the ancient Near Eastern history of religion and mythology seem to be presented as a unit not directly taking into consideration the possible change of ideas and beliefs during the course of time. The main concept of the divine figure of Enki/Ea has also at present remained the same as was defined by A. Deimel in 1914: “É-a, deus abyssi et aquae (dulcis?); deus sapientiae et artium; deus magorum.”3 Enki/Ea is described as the god of underground sweet water ocean Abzu, god of wisdom and crafts, and god of magic. The current study does not intend to produce an overall Mesopotamian concept of the god Enki/Ea but aims to investigate his characteristics in a row over certain defined periods of history for tracking the evolution and changes in the nature of that god in the minds of ancient Mesopotamians. The task of studying the evidence in a diachronical perspective is made difficult by the fact that most of the myths and other texts composed in the Neo-Sumerian and Old-Babylonian periods concerning the god Enki/Ea probably have their predecessors already in the Early-Dynastic period religion and mythology. It is impossible to say with certainty, which motives are later 1 Cf. D. O. Edzard, Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (1973), pp. 9092-9115. 2 The name Enki will be used in cases of Sumerian context, Ea referring to possible Semitic god, and the compound term Enki/Ea will be used to denote the overall Sumerian and Semitic concept of the god. 3 Pantheon Babylonicum (1914), p. 111. additions and what part comes from the older tradition. It might, therefore, not seem justified to claim that when a certain characteristic is missing from older texts but present in newer sources, such a newer element was not already firmly established in the layers of older religion. A missing characteristic from sources of the older periods might simply indicate that the text containing this element is not preserved or not found yet. However, conclusions in this study are made based on the material actually present from a certain period of time and always leaving space to the possibility that a certain characteristic could have been in existence even without a textual proof. From previous scientific studies concerning the gods Enki and Ea, the most detailed one is offered by H. D. Galter’s doctoral dissertation in Karl-Franzens-Universiät Graz “Der Gott Ea/Enki in der Akkadischen Überlieferung. Eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials” printed in 1983. The dissertation presents an overview of all the most important textual evidence about Enki and Ea that were known at the time of the work’s composition. However, the aim of the study was not to analyse Ea and Enki directly in light of his historical development but to give summaries of certain features of that god in thematically ordered topics. E. D. van Buren established the connection between the deity with streams flowing out from his shoulders and the god Enki/Ea already in 1933 in her book “The Flowing Vase and the God with Streams.” The main results of this pioneering study have proved adequate up to this day. M. W. Green’s doctoral dissertation at the University of Chicago from the year 1975 “Eridu in Sumerian Literature” offers a detailed study about Enki’s city Eridu in archaeology, history, Mesopotamian mythology and literature. The most recent book about the Enki myths and literary tradition is “Myths of Enki, the Crafty God” by S. N. Kramer and J. Maier published in 1989. The book is not a scientific assyriological research and is meant for the general reader, however it “serves as testimony to the maturing of Assyriology: the field has arrived at a new plateau when a comprehensive survey can be offered for the single Mesopotamian deity among the dozen major ones and the more than five thousand lesser ones that make up the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon.”4 The topic of Enki and Ea in Sumerian mythology and history of religion has been treated in one way or an other by almost every assyriologist due to the high 4 W. W. Hallo, JNES 116 (1996), p. 233. importance of that god in Mesopotamian cultural context. All the major Enki myths and thousands of other texts featuring Enki and Ea have been published during the last fifty years of Ancient Near Eastern studies. However, no larger detailed research about the god in specific has been undertaken during the last twenty five uploads/Geographie/ es-pak-peeter.pdf