Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

Revue des Energies Renouvelables Vol. 12 N°1 (2008) 99 – 104 99 Cathodic protec

Revue des Energies Renouvelables Vol. 12 N°1 (2008) 99 – 104 99 Cathodic protection of a buried pipeline by solar energy B. Laoun1*, K. Niboucha2 and L. Serir1 1 Applied Research Unit on Renewable Energies, ‘URAER’ Zone Industrielle Gaar Taam, P.O. Box 88, Ghardaïa, Algeria 2 Scientific and Technical Research Centre on Control and Welding, Cheraga, Algeria (reçu le 12 Janvier 2009 - accepté le 28 Mars 2009) Résumé – La protection cathodique est employée intensivement sur les canalisations en acier dans l’industrie de pétrole et de gaz. C’est une technique de prévention contre la corrosion qui transforme la canalisation entière en cathode d’une cellule de corrosion. Deux types de systèmes de protection cathodiques sont couramment appliqués. Les systèmes de protection galvanique utilisent les anodes galvaniques, également appelées les anodes sacrificielles, qui sont électrochimiquement plus électronégatives que la structure à protéger et les systèmes à courant imposé, par le biais d’un générateur qui débitera un courant continu de l’anode vers la structure à protéger. L’article proposé contribue au dimensionnement d’un système de protection cathodique, par courant imposé, avec appoint électrique d’énergie solaire, appliqué à un pipeline. Abstract – Cathodic protection is employed intensively on the steel drains in oil and gas industry. It is a technique of prevention against the corrosion which transforms the structure into a cathode of a corrosion cell; Two types of cathodic protection systems are usually applied: The galvanic protection systems use the galvanic anodes, also called the sacrificial anodes, which are electrochemically more electronegative than the structure to be protected, the other system is by imposed current, powered by electrical generator with D.C. output towards the structure to be protected. The object of this study is to design a cathodic protection system by impressed current supplied with solar energy panels applied to a pipeline. Keywords: Corrosion - Cathodic protection - Impressed current - Buried pipeline - Photovoltaic. 1. PRINCIPLE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION The principle of cathodic protection is based on the idea to reverse the electrochemical role of the structure to be protected by supporting a cathodic reduction on its level, and by deferring the reaction of oxidation on another structure which we accepts the degradation. A thorough grasp of the subject can be found on two major references, [1, 2]. 2. DESIGN OF THE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A PIPELINE The well know cathodic protection system is implemented for a pipeline, used or fluid processing [3], mainly described by some characteristics, summarized in Table 1. * bralaoun@yahoo.fr B. Laoun et al. 100 Table 1: Some characteristics of the pipeline [3] Material Steel X60 Isolation resistance : 8000 Ωm Length 292 km Linear isolation resistance 3340 Ωm External diameter 0.762 m Longitudinal isolation resistance 7.49 10 -6 Ωm Surface to protect 699020m2 Attenuation coefficient 47.35 10 -6m-1 Characteristic resistance 158.16 10 -3 Ω The elements which constitute a cathodic protection system by impressed current supplied with solar energy are as follows, (Fig. 1). As a remark, the system proposed is not the only one and not the only used in industry, the one chosen serve as purpose to develop further optimized combination of solar and cathodic elements. An impressed cathodic current system consisted of one or several stations laid out in a box including: electric meter, circuit breaker, rectifier of transformer, output voltage, voltmeter, ammeter. Photovoltaic generator made up of the following elements: Photovoltaic modules of solar cells A control and regulation system. A storage system. An inverter from D.C. to A.C. Fig. 1: Schematic design of the impressed cathodic protection Cathodic Protection of a Buried Pipeline by Solar Energy 101 3.DESIGN AND CALCULATION The essential of cathodic protection is based on two parameters, the evolution of the potential and the current of protection. The formulas used for the calculation of the potential and the current are deduced from the resolution of the well know Laplace equation [4] for the evolution of the potential along the pipeline [5]. Table 2: Current and voltage of the cathodic protection system General formula ) x a ( sh g I ) x a ( ch E E s s x × × × − × = (1) ) x a ( ch I ) x a ( sh ) g / E ( I 0 0 x × × + × = (2) ) L ( ch E E L s α = (3) ) L ( sh ) / E ( I L s α γ = (4) Used formula [ ] L a ch ) x L ( a sh g E I s x − = (5) [ ] L a ch ) x L ( a sh E E s x − = (6) The resistance per unit length or resistance load is expressed as R expressed as resistance in Ω m² divided by D π , D the diameter of pipeline. According to the general formulas (3) (4) the maximum length that be protected, according to the criteria of cathodic protection, is estimated by the following formula: ) E / E ( ch ) / 1 ( L ) L ( ch E E L s 1 L s − α = ⇒ α = The results are shown in figure 2 and figure 3. The steps elaborated to the design are: 1. Estimate the cathodic protection voltage and current according to equations (3) and (4) and estimate electric power requirement per day. 2. Estimate the optimal angle of the photovoltaic plane sensor to reach the maximum of electrical energy output. We used a numerical algorithm which makes it possible to determine the optimal angle orientation for any geographical site. 3. Design the anodic backfill: The backfill is used to inject the current of cathodic protection in the ground. The mass of the backfill is calculated so the installation has one lifespan of 15 to 20 years. B. Laoun et al. 102 There are two types of configurations [6]; the surface and in-depth backfill. To choose the configuration of the backfill, we calculate the critical value of the soil resistivity, i.e. value below which the backfill considered can be set up. Fig. 2: Evolution of the potential according to the protected length Fig. 3: Evolution of the current following the range of protection Cathodic Protection of a Buried Pipeline by Solar Energy 103 On figure 4, we translates the values of the resistivity limits for the use of a bed of anodes according to the range of the impressed current stations, thus for 25 km lengths, the limiting resistivity is located between 150 Ω m and 155 Ω m. Fig. 4: Resistivity limit for the design of the backfill type 4. NUMERICAL RESULTS In order to obtain an efficient and costless numbers of branches and thus numbers of modules per branch, the nominal voltage of the solar generators is limited to 24 V. The results of calculation are gathered in Table 3 and Table 4. We found that the mass of the backfill remains the same 14.4 tons, and the numbers of anodes required are 5, indeed this result rises from the homogeneous position of the transformers-rectifiers, i.e. the length for which the single station is designed for is about 25 km. Table 3: Numerical results of the design of the backfill Station Length (km) Anode Design (m) Depth of the anode (m) Anode spacing (m) Single anode Design (m) Length of the connecting cables (m) Ground Resistivity ( Ω m) 1 25 385 425 95.87 1.525×0.0508 1208.68 1 999.16 2 75 611 651 152.37 1.525×0.0508 1773.68 3 002.79 3 125 386 426 96.12 1.525×0.0508 1211.18 2 006.17 4 175 38 78 9.12 1.525×0.0508 341.18 276.00 5 25 23 63 13.62 1.525×0.0381 56 151.98 6 275 2 42 3.12 1.525×0.0381 14 28.65 B. Laoun et al. 104 Table 4: Numerical results for the design of photovoltaic panel Current Protection (A) Nominal Current (A) Output Voltage (V) Number of modules Number of batteries 2.807 3.650 24 10 14 5. CONCLUSION The results shows, that the impressed current configuration by the solar photovoltaic panels ensures the protection of the pipeline, cathodic protection criteria are reached.We deduced this following observation: The method is applicable for various types of grounds. The system can be implemented with effectiveness, since the number of modules is acceptable; 10 modules with 14 batteries. The range of the protection potential is broad and the system can be adapted for different material constituting the pipeline Output current are controlled and can be varied The output current is high enough to protect the pipeline with low costs. Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. Ali Malek (Centre de développement des Energies Renouvelanbles, CDER Algérie) for support. REFERENCES [1] D. Talbot and J. Talbot, ‘Corrosion Science and Technology’, CRC Press LLC, New York, the USA, 1998. [2] W. von Baeckmann, W. Schwenk and W Prinz, ‘Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection’, Third Edition, Elsevier Science, 1997. [3] R. Benathmane, ‘Study and Simulation of Cathodic Protection by Impressed Current Protection uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ cathodic-protection-of-a-buried-pipeline-by-solar-energy.pdf