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Table des matières 499 Table des matières Remerciements .......................

Table des matières 499 Table des matières Remerciements .................................................................................................... 3 Avant-propos ....................................................................................................... 5 Première partie Acquérir la méthode des épreuves écrites et orales 7 1. Épreuves écrites ............................................................................. 9 I. Descriptifs .....................................................................................................11 A. Concours « classes préparatoires » – LV1 ...................................................................11 B. Concours « classes préparatoires » – LV2 ...................................................................12 C. Concours « admission sur titres » ou « admission parallèle » (HEC/ESCP, EDHEC).............................................................................................................13 II. La traduction ................................................................................................15 A. Conseils généraux et principaux défi s ........................................................................15 1. Typologie des erreurs ...................................................................................................16 2. Le registre de langue ....................................................................................................18 3. Les allusions culturelles ...............................................................................................20 4. Les noms propres ..........................................................................................................22 5. Les unités de mesure ....................................................................................................23 6. Les titres ...........................................................................................................................24 7. La ponctuation ..............................................................................................................25 8. Les temps ........................................................................................................................30 B. La version ..............................................................................................................................39 1. La transposition ............................................................................................................40 2. La modulation ...............................................................................................................41 3. L’étoff ement ....................................................................................................................42 4. L’allégement ...................................................................................................................43 5. L’équivalence ..................................................................................................................43 6. La traduction des structures résultatives ...............................................................43 7. Exemples corrigés et commentés .............................................................................44 C. Le thème ................................................................................................................................50 1. Préférence de l’anglais pour les formes verbales .................................................51 2. Préférence de l’anglais pour la coordination et la chronologie des faits ..........................................................................................52 3. Préférence de l’anglais pour l’explicitation des liens entre les éléments apposés ........................................................................................52 Table des matières 500 4. Préférence de l’anglais pour l’ordre canonique (sujet-verbe-complément) .........................................................................................53 5. Préférence de l’anglais pour l’eff acement de la relative .....................................54 6. Thème et rhème ............................................................................................................55 7. Place des adverbes .......................................................................................................55 8. Place des compléments circonstanciels .................................................................57 9. L’absence de répétition du sujet et du complément ............................................57 10. La diffi culté de conserver l’animisme ......................................................................58 11. Exemples corrigés et commentés .............................................................................58 D. Le thème grammatical ......................................................................................................64 1. La concordance des temps dans les If-clauses.....................................................65 2. Le futur dans les subordonnées de temps ..............................................................66 3. Le prétérit modal et le past perfect modal ...........................................................67 4. « Depuis » ........................................................................................................................68 5. « Dont » ............................................................................................................................70 6. « Ce que », « ce qui » ......................................................................................................71 7. Le comparatif de supériorité......................................................................................72 8. Le comparatif d’infériorité ..........................................................................................73 9. Le comparatif d’égalité ...............................................................................................73 10. « the + comparatif… the + comparatif » ..............................................................74 11. Superlatif ou comparatif ? ..........................................................................................75 12. La tournure « comparatif + and + comparatif » ..................................................76 13. L’expression d’une grande quantité .........................................................................76 14. L’expression d’une petite quantité ............................................................................78 15. Une quantité insuffi sante ...........................................................................................78 16. L’expression d’une quantité nulle .............................................................................79 17. La traduction de « on » ................................................................................................79 18. La traduction du verbe « devoir » .............................................................................81 19. Dénombrables et indénombrables ..........................................................................83 20. Exclamatives et tournures intensives ......................................................................86 21. La traduction de « faire faire » ...................................................................................87 22. Les « tags » ......................................................................................................................88 III. L’expression écrite .......................................................................................89 A. La question de compréhension ....................................................................................89 B. L’essai .......................................................................................................................................91 1. Les critères de notation ...............................................................................................92 2. Comment bâtir l’introduction ? ................................................................................93 3. Quel type de plan ? .......................................................................................................93 4. Comment structurer un paragraphe ? ....................................................................94 5. Comment exprimer son opinion personnelle ? .....................................................95 6. Comment bâtir la conclusion ? .................................................................................95 7. Typologie (non exhaustive) des libellés de sujets.................................................95 8. Exemples corrigés et commentés ..........................................................................100 Table des matières 501 C. Enrichir l’expression ........................................................................................................104 1. Les phrasal verbs utiles dans un contexte argumentatif ...............................105 2. Les collocations ..........................................................................................................130 3. Varier les constructions syntaxiques ....................................................................137 4. Déjouer les pièges lexicaux .....................................................................................141 2. Épreuves orales ...........................................................................155 I. Descriptifs ...................................................................................................157 A. Concours « classes préparatoires » – LV1 ................................................................157 B. Concours « classes préparatoires » – LV2 ................................................................158 C. Concours « admission sur titres » ou « admission parallèle » (HEC/ESCP, EM Lyon, EDHEC, AUDENCIA) ...............................................................160 II. Méthode ......................................................................................................161 Avertissement ....................................................................................................................161 A. Présentation par le candidat .......................................................................................161 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................161 2. La synthèse ..................................................................................................................164 3. La transition synthèse / commentaire..................................................................166 4. Le commentaire .........................................................................................................167 5. La conclusion ..............................................................................................................172 B. L’entretien ...........................................................................................................................173 III. Sur quelques formats spécifiques ..........................................................175 A. Le format ESSEC LV1 / SKEMA (article en français) ...............................................175 B. L’analyse de documents audio (HEC LV1, ECRICOME, IENA) ............................175 IV. Critères de notation ..................................................................................177 A. Compétence linguistique .............................................................................................177 B. Richesse de l’analyse ......................................................................................................177 C. Interaction avec le jury ..................................................................................................178 Deuxième partie Maîtriser les notions de civilisation 179 1. Politics and institutions ...............................................................181 I. The UK political system ............................................................................183 A. A Parliamentary Monarchy ...........................................................................................183 B. Parliament ..........................................................................................................................184 C. The executive ....................................................................................................................186 Table des matières 502 D. Political parties .................................................................................................................188 E. The 2009 expenses scandal .........................................................................................189 F. Devolution .........................................................................................................................190 G. The UK and Europe .........................................................................................................191 H. Northern Ireland ..............................................................................................................193 II. The US political system ............................................................................194 A. Founding texts .................................................................................................................194 B. The three branches of government and the system of “checks and balances” ................................................................195 C. State governments and Federalism ..........................................................................198 D. The two-party system ....................................................................................................199 E. The presidential electoral process .............................................................................200 1. The selection of delegates .......................................................................................200 2. The National Convention ........................................................................................201 3. The Popular Vote........................................................................................................201 4. The Electoral Vote ......................................................................................................202 F. The 2008 presidential election ...................................................................................202 G. The 2012 presidential election ..................................................................................206 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................207 2. Law and justice ...........................................................................209 I. The UK ..........................................................................................................211 A. The judicial system ..........................................................................................................211 B. The controversial issue of ASBOs ...............................................................................212 C. Prison reform .....................................................................................................................214 II. The US ..........................................................................................................215 A. The judicial system ..........................................................................................................215 B. The death penalty ...........................................................................................................216 C. Guantánamo Bay .............................................................................................................219 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................221 3. Population and social mobility ...................................................223 I. Immigration and ethnic minorities ........................................................225 A. The US, a nation of immigrants ..................................................................................225 B. The competing models of integration in the US ..................................................226 C. Recent immigration policies in the US and in the UK ........................................228 Table des matières 503 II. Fighting discrimination ............................................................................231 A. The end of legal segregation in the US ...................................................................231 B. Affi rmative action: a necessary evil? .........................................................................232 C. Gay rights ...........................................................................................................................235 D. A need for identity politics? .........................................................................................236 III. The lack of social mobility .......................................................................239 A. Is Britain a “classless” or a “class-ridden” society? ..................................................239 B. Social mobility in the US ...............................................................................................240 C. Are women still faced with a glass ceiling? ............................................................242 IV. Thème d’application .................................................................................243 4. Education ....................................................................................245 I. The British educational system ...............................................................247 A. State schools .....................................................................................................................247 B. Independent schools .....................................................................................................247 C. Examinations .....................................................................................................................249 D. Higher education .............................................................................................................249 II. The US educational system......................................................................252 A. The School System ..........................................................................................................252 B. Higher education .............................................................................................................253 III. Improving education standards .............................................................254 A. UK policies ..........................................................................................................................254 B. US policies ..........................................................................................................................255 C. Pedagogy ...........................................................................................................................256 IV. Education and elitism in the UK .............................................................257 A. An “educational apartheid”? ........................................................................................257 B. Positive discrimination ..................................................................................................258 C. Top-up fees ........................................................................................................................258 V. Education and segregation in the UK ....................................................259 A. Desegregation or resegregation? ..............................................................................259 B. The “No Child Left Behind” Act ...................................................................................260 VI. Should firms be allowed to play a role in education? .....................................................................261 A. Existing partnerships .....................................................................................................261 B. An ongoing controversy ...............................................................................................262 VII. Thème d’application .................................................................................264 Table des matières 504 5. Religion .......................................................................................267 I. Religion in the uk .......................................................................................269 A. The Anglican Church ......................................................................................................269 B. Religion and politics .......................................................................................................270 C. The debate over disestablishment ............................................................................272 II. Religion in the US ......................................................................................274 A. The religious diversity ....................................................................................................274 B. Religion and politics .......................................................................................................276 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................279 6. The media ...................................................................................281 I. The British media .......................................................................................283 A. The press .............................................................................................................................283 B. The BBC ...............................................................................................................................287 II. The American media .................................................................................289 A. The press .............................................................................................................................289 B. Radio and television .......................................................................................................291 III. Current issues .............................................................................................292 A. Freedom of the press vs individual privacy?..........................................................292 B. Does the Fourth Estate still fulfi l its role? ................................................................293 IV. Thème d’application .................................................................................295 7. Civil liberties and privacy ..........................................................297 I. The consequences of the war on terror .................................................299 A. Anti-terrorism legislation ..............................................................................................299 B. Arbitrary detention and the use of torture ............................................................301 C. Freedom of speech and the war on terror ..............................................................303 II. Are western democracies turning into orwellian societies? .............304 A. The ID card scheme and other controversial databases in the UK ................304 B. Surveillance .......................................................................................................................306 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................308 Table des matières 505 8. Social protection and health care ...............................................311 I. Which way forward for the Welfare State in Britain? ..........................313 A. The birth of the Welfare State .....................................................................................313 B. NHS reforms.......................................................................................................................314 C. Welfare vs Workfare ........................................................................................................315 D. A Nanny State? .................................................................................................................317 II. Social protection in the US ......................................................................318 A. Social security and welfare...........................................................................................318 B. Obama’s health-care bill: a historic milestone? ....................................................319 C. Attempts at rolling back health care legislation ..................................................321 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................322 9. International relations ................................................................325 I. America’s foreign policy and its repercussions on global geopolitics ................................................................................327 A. Between isolationism and internationalism ..........................................................327 B. The global war on terror ...............................................................................................330 C. The return to multilateralism? ....................................................................................333 D. The only remaining superpower? ..............................................................................335 E. A “special relationship” with the UK ..........................................................................336 II. The issue of nuclear proliferation ...........................................................338 A. The globalisation of the nuclear issue .....................................................................338 B. The case of North Korea ................................................................................................339 C. The case of Iran.................................................................................................................340 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................342 10. The environment .......................................................................345 I. The endangered environment ................................................................347 A. Various forms of pollution ............................................................................................347 B. Global warming ................................................................................................................348 C. Extreme climatic events ................................................................................................349 D. The threat to biodiversity and the depletion of natural resources ................350 II. Environmental awareness .......................................................................351 A. Sustainable development and international initiatives ....................................351 B. America’s stance on environmental issues .............................................................353 C. Domestic and personal initiatives .............................................................................355 D. The greening of businesses .........................................................................................356 E. Climate change sceptics ...............................................................................................356 III. Thème d’application .................................................................................357 Table des matières 506 11. The economy .............................................................................359 I. Recent trends in global business ............................................................361 A. The switch from agribusiness and manufacturing to services .......................361 B. The rapid rise of e-commerce .....................................................................................363 C. Fair Trade.............................................................................................................................365 uploads/Litterature/ table-des-matieres-premiere-partie-acquerir-la-methode-des-epreuves-ecrites-et-orales-7.pdf