1 AMUGA, INZIRA YO GUKORESHA IKINYARWANDA KINOZE WANDIKA/UVUGA AMUGA NI IKI? Am

1 AMUGA, INZIRA YO GUKORESHA IKINYARWANDA KINOZE WANDIKA/UVUGA AMUGA NI IKI? Amuga (terminology, technical terms) ni amagambo akoreshwa mu ngeri y'ubumenyi cyangwa y'umwuga runaka (RALC, 2017). Ni amagambo ashobora gucurwa, gutirwa mu zindi ndimi, ariko akenshi ni amagambo asanzwe, yongererwa inyito maze agakoreshwa mu bumenyi runaka. “Amuga” ni ijambo ubwaryo ryahanzwe hahujwe amagambo abiri “amagambo y’umwuga” (mu buke ushobora kuvuga “iryuga”) Amuga ni ibanze mu guteza imbere ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda ruba buri gihe rugomba kunguka amagambo ajyanye n’iterambere u Rwanda rugenda rugeraho mu nzego zinyuranye nk’Ikoranabuhanga, Ubuzima, Ubutabera, Imyadagaduro n’izindi nzego. Muri rusange amuga akaba ari ingenzi ku Banyarwanda “kuko ni bwo buryo buhendutse bwo kugeza ubumenyi mu bantu, haba ari ubujyanye n'ubuhanga, ikoranabuhanga, ubumenyi ngiro, imibereho myiza n'umuco” (RALC, 2017). Iyigamuga ni ishami ry’iyigandimi rishinzwe kugena amuga y’ururimi, ahangwa n'abanyamwuga mu rurimi rwabo kavukire bashobora kwitabaza abahanga mu ngeri z’ubumenyi bunyuranye kugira ngo batanyuranya n’inshoza (concepts) amuga aganishaho. Kubera iterambere rihanitse riboneka mu bihugu bikize, hari amuga menshi Abanyarwanda tugomba kumenya mu Kinyarwanda kugira ngo ubumenyi bwihishe inyuma yayo tubumenye. Aha ni ho abahanga mu ndimi bitabazwa kuko bagomba gushaka amuga y'ikinyarwanda avuga kimwe n'ayo mu cyongereza cyangwa mu gifaransa. Kugira ngo umuntu adahusha mu ihinduramuga agomba kubanza akagenzura neza ingeri iryuga rigiye guhindurwa ribarizwamo. Mu Kinyarwanda dufite amuga menshi, amwe yahimbwe n'abasokuruza bacu, andi yagiye atugeraho uko iterambere ryagiye ryiyongera mu gihugu cyacu. 2 Hashize imyaka irenga mirongo itatu inzego zinyuranye zaragaragaje ko amuga akenewe ndetse zimwe zagiye zegeranya asanzwe ndetse zihanga n'andi zari zikeneye. Ubundi buri rwego rw'umurimo rugomba guha agaciro akazi ko guhindura mu Kinyarwanda amuga yo mu zindi ndimi kugira ngo rushobore kuvuga no guha ubutumwa bwuzuye abaturage (RALC, 2017). AMUGA AHANGWA ATE? Aha ntitugamije gutanga isomo ryose ry’Iyigamuga/Ihangamuga, ariko ni ngombwa kumenya uburyo wamenya amuga ariho akoreshwa mu rurimi runaka ndetse n’akenewe guhangwa. Icyo ukora cya mbere ni ugusoma inyandiko zinyuranye ku bumenyi runaka ushakira amuga (Urugero: Ikoranabuhanga, Ubutabire, Ubugenge,…) mu rurimi rufite amuga yuzuye kuri ubwo bumenyi (Icyongereza, Igifaransa,…) maze ukareba niba ushobora gukoresha amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda mu kuvuga ibirebana n’ubwo bumenyi. Birumvikana ko byagorana iyo amuga y’ubwo bumenyi atarahangwa mu buryo bwa gihanga. Ikindi gikorwa ni ugusoma inyandiko zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda zirebana n’ubwo bumenyi haba mu binyamakuru, amasomo yigishwa, amateka n’amategeko cyangwa inyandiko zahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda zikurwa mu zindi ndimi. 3 Muri izi paji ebyiri twakuye mu nyandiko zatangajwe kuri murandasi, abazihinduye mu bagerageje guhanga amuga yabo mu Kinyarwanda avuga “Industrial design and model”, “Geographical indication”, “invention” mu rwego rw’ubumenyi mu by’Umutungo bwite mu by’ubwenge ndetse na “Network facilities”, “Interconnection” na “Terminal equipment” mu rwego rw’ubumenyi bw’Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazabumenyi n’Itumanaho. 4 Inyandiko zitandukanye ushobora gukoresha mu gusesengura, kwiga, no guhanga amuga ushobora kuzisanga mu masomero, mu bigo runaka cyangwa kuri murandasi. Mu gusoma izi nyandiko ni ngombwa kureba uko abanditsi bazo bagiye babyifatamo mu guhanga amagambo avuga ubwo bumenyi mu Kinyarwanda, hanyuma ukareba niba ayo muga ari muryô, ari nta makemwa; wasanga afite inenge ukibaza uburyo wayikosora hashingiwe ku mahame anyuranye agenga ihanga ry’amuga. Ibi byo kuba wakwihangira amuga bikorwa iyo nta muga ahari yemejwe kandi yatangijwe n’urwego rubishinzwe ari rwo Inteko y’Umuco n’Ururimi. Impamvu ari iyo nteko ifite inshingano zo gutangaza amuga yemewe ni ukugira ngo irinde ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda kuzamo akajagari. Mu kazi kayo ko kwemeza no guhanga umuga, Inteko y’Umuco n’Ururimi ishobora gushingira ku bitekerezo by’impuguke cyangwa Umunyarwanda uwo we wese wahanze ijambo rikabanyura. Mu gukora urutonde rw’amagambo cyangwa inshoza uhangira amuga, ni ngombwa kwandika igisobanuro cy’iyo nshoza muri ubwo bumenyi runaka kandi mu buryo bw’interuro ziyumvikanisha neza imizi nyito igize iyo nshoza (phraséologie). Icyo gisobanuro ni cyo kizafasha mu guhanga amuga cyangwa ugakoresha andi magambo bihuje inyito (synonymes). . INGERO: 1. TERMINOLOGY=LINGUSTIC+SCIENCE+ STUDY+ TECHNICAL+TERMS (ADJ+NOUN+VERB+ADJ+NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwiga amagambo y’umwuga Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwiga: IYIGA… amagambo y’umwuga: AMUGA 5 TERMINOLOGY= IYIGAMUGA Hakaba hakoreshjwe uburyo bwo kunga amagambo abiri. Ubundi buryo turabureba mu ngingo ikurikira. 2. LEXICOGRAPHY= LINGUSTIC+SCIENCE+ COMPOSE/WRITE+ DICTIONARIES (ADJ+NOUN+VERB+ NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwo kwandika inkoranyamagambo Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwo kwandika: IYANDIKA… Inkoranyamagambo: NKORANYA LEXICOGRAPHY=IYANDIKANKORANYA 3. LEXICOLOGY= LINGUSTIC+SCIENCE+ STUDY+ VOCABULARIES/LEXEMES (ADJ+NOUN+VERB+ NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwiga/buhamya amagambo y’ururrimi Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: Ubumenyi bw’iyigandimi bwokwiga/guhamya: IYIGA/IHAMYA… Amagambo y’ururimi: AMAGAMBO LEXICOLOGY=IHAMYAMAGAMBO/IYIGAMAGAMBO 4. TV STUDIO= LOCATION+ INTERVIEW/DISCUSS+ TV (ADJ+NOUN+VERB+ NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Icyumba cya tereviziyo aho umunyamakuru aganirira n’umutumirwa we Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: 6 Aho umunyamakuru aganirira n’umutumirwa: URUGANIRIRO…. Kuri Tereviziyo: ….RWA TEREVIZIYO TV STUDIO =URUGANIRIRO RWA TEREVIZIYO 5. CAMERA= TOOL+ RECORD+ IMAGES (NOUN+ +VERB+ NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Igikoresha gifata amashusho Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: Igikoresho gifata: IMFATA…. amashusho: ….SHUSHO CAMERA =IMFATASHUSHO 6. CINEMATOGRAPHY= TECHNIQUES/PRACTICE+ RECORD+ IMAGES (NOUN+ +VERB+ NOUN) Intambwe ya 1: Igisobanuro mu buryo bw’interuro: Ubuhanga bwo gufata amashusho (ya firime) Intambwe ya 2: Kurema amatsinda y’inyito mu guhanga amuga: Ubuhanga bwo gufata: IFATA…. amashusho: ….SHUSHO CINEMATOGRAPHY =IFATASHUSHO Hakaba hari amahame y’ingenzi anyuranye agena uburyo butandukanye bwo guhanga amuga. 2.3 AMWE MU MAHAME Y’INGENZI AKURIKIZWA MU IHANGAMUGA Ihame shingiro mu guhanga amuga mashya mu rurimi ni uko agomba kutanyuranya n’intego isanzwe y’amagambo y’urwo rurimi. Ku birebana n’Ikinyarwanda, uhanga amuga ntagomba kunyuranya n’iri hame rusange. 7 Aha uhanga umuga y’Ikinyarwanda agomba kwita ku ntego zinyuranye z’amagambo y’Ikinyarwanda cyane cyane zishingiye ku nkomoko yazo (wasoma inyandiko bwite yange Structures étymologiques du Lexique du Kinyarwanda, 2000, 144 p.). Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bugaragaza ko Ikinyarwanda gifite imidanangiro remezo ishingiye ku ntego zitandukanye yafasha uhanga amuga gukoreha intego y’ijambo rigizwe n’igicumbi gusa (ateye nka: kasha, data, mama, bushari...) kugeza ku ntego y’ijambo nyunge cyangwa nteruro (ateye nka: ubucakwaha, ikirumirahabiri, ikidasesa, nyiramunukanabi, umubambangoma, umubwejuzambwa, gutwikumwe, rugata rw’intango, inkono y’itabi, ikibuno cy’icupa, amano y’inanga, urujya n’uruza, mpiru na nyoni, barenginabi, byumvuhore, nkokwigosoribyeze,…). Ihanga muga rikaba ahanini rikuriza amahame yo gucura andi magambo (création lexicale, néeologie/neology) ururimi rwakenera. Mbere y’uko tureba ayo mahame, reka turebe impamvu z’ingenzi zituma habaho guhanga amagambo mashya: - Amagambo menshi ahangwa kugira ngo akoreshwe mu kuvuga ibintu bishya byinjiye mu iterambere ry’igihugu (Mudasobwa, Murandasi, Terefoni (i)ngendanwa) - Hari amagambo ahangwa mu kuvuga ibintu bituye biriho ariko bigahindurirwa ijambo ribivuga bagakoresha iryo babona ko ari muryo, nta makemwa. Urugero: “ufite ubumuga” ryasimbuye ikimuga, ubana n’ubumuga, ikiragi risimbuzwa ufite ubumuga bwo kutavuga, inyunge “inda z’indaro” iragenda isimbuzwa “inda zitateguwe”, “abavuga rikijyana” iragenda isimbuzwa “abavuga rikumvikana”. Ikindi ni amagambo ataboneje imvugo yuje umuco n’ikinyabupfura agenda asimbuzwa atsinda (gutsinda: euphemism/évitemment): kwituma, gufungura, umusarane (Urg: kwa muganga: “Bamufashe ibizami by’umusarane”) 8 - Abakoresha imvugo y’urufefeko (langage argotique/slang) bahanga kenshi amagambo mashya: Kuyoka, imyako, giti, agatigito… - Ijambo rya kera ryongeye gukoreshwa na ryo riza mu rwego rw’ihanga ry’amagambo: Gacaca, ubudehe, … - Guhanga ijambo umuntu atabishaka bitewe no kuba akoresha ururimi rurenze rumwe, hakaba igihe rumwe rwinjirira urundi: Meya, Sipika Muri rusange, ihanga ry’amagambo mashya rishingira ku bintu bitatu by’ingenzi: intego/indemo (forme), inyito (sens) n’itira (emprunt). Mu buryo bwimbitse, ubu buryo butatu bugiye bugira ibyiciro byihariye. A. UBURYO BWO GUHANGA AMAGAMBO BUSHINGIYE KU NTEGO (FORM) 1. Guhanga amagambo ushingiye ku nyomekwambere cyangwa ingereka/umusuma (préfixation/suffixation) Ingero: Iyigandimi nyamumaro: Functional linguistics / Linguistique fonctionnelle. Inganda nyamuco: Cultural industries/ Industries culturelles Ijwi nyabundi: Allophone/ Allophone Isanisha nyantego: Concord/ Accord grammatical Isiganwa nyakuranwa: Relay race/ Course relais Ikinyabiziga: Vehicle/ Véhicule Icapiro: Printing House/ Imprimerie Isomero: Library/ Bibliothèque 2. Guhanga amagambo ushingiye ku ikomora (dérivation) 9 a) Ikomorazina mvazina rishingiye ku ndangasano Indangasano z’Ikinyarwanda zirakoreshwa cyane mu guhanga amagambo cyane ko inyinshi muri zo zishingiye ku matsinda y’amagambo afite indemo nyito imwe. Nk’inteko ya mbere n’iya kabiri ijyamo amagambo afite isano n’abantu (mu bumwe n’ubwinshi) ku buryo ushobora gufata ijambo riri mu yindi nteko warishyira mu ya mbere ijambo ubonye rikaba akenshi rivuga igikorwa gifitanye isano na rya jambo wakuye mu zindi nteko. Ni ibisanzwe mu midanangiro remezo y’imizi nkomoko y’ Ikinyarwanda. Urugero: Umukoni (nt.1)(mu bitero by’ingabo zo hambere) bivuga umuntu wibisha inkoni Umuyoka (nt.1)(mu buvuzi gakondo) bivuga umuvuzi gakondo uzobereye mu kuvura abarumwe n’inzoka Indangasano ishobora no kuba isimbura ijambo ryahinwe: Umuteko(nt.3): Umunyu bateka rimwe Ubucakwaha: Ubwoya bwo mu kwaha Inkurarwobo: Inka baha umwana washyinguye umubyeyi witabye Imana Amuga menshi ashobora kandi guhangwa hashingiwe ku ikomora ryubakiye ku guhinduranya indangasano (dérivation préfixale): Umufatashusho: Umuntu ukoresha imfatashusho (cameraman) Umukinamico: Umukinnyi w’ikinamico (actor/character) Umurasire: Umuriro uva ku mirasire y’izuba (solar energy) Umuteramakofi: Umukinnyi w’iteramakofi Imbaragihe: Isaha ibara igihe (stop watch/chronometer) b) Ikomorazina mvazina rishingiye ku isubira(mo)muzi: 10 Igihogohogo: trachea/trachée artère *inzunguzungu: imbyino za kizungu (danse contemporaine) Ihanga ry’iri jambo rifatiye ku ntego isanzwe mu Kinyarwanda aho isubiramuzi rikoreshwa mu kwerekana isano iri hagati y’ikintu runaka n’ikigikomokaho cyangwa aho gikomoka: umutobotobo, intwatwa,...N’imivugirwe y’iri jambo nahanze (inzunguzungu) yahuza neza n’imibyinire yazo (phonetic symbolism/ symbolisme phonétique). c) Ikomorazina mvazina rishingiye ku ngereka: Ijanisha riva ku ijambo ijana d) Ikomorazina mvanshinga: isaku : riva ku ”gusakuza” myugariro: riva ku ”kugarira” icenga: riva ku ”gucenga” e) Ikomoranshinga mvazina Kujanisha riva ku ijambo ijana Gucudika riva ku ijambo inshuti Gufudikira (umuntu) riva ku ijambo (ama)futi 3. Guhanga amuga ushingiye ku uploads/Science et Technologie/ amuga-inzira-yo-gukoresha-ikinyarwanda-kinoze-wandika-uvuga.pdf

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