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TETRA Technologies, Inc. 25025 Interstate 45 North, Suite 600 The Woodlands, Te

TETRA Technologies, Inc. 25025 Interstate 45 North, Suite 600 The Woodlands, Texas 77380 281.367.1983 www.tetratec.com Engineered Solutions Guide for Clear Brine Fluids and Filtration, Second Edition © 2004 and 2007 by TETRA Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from TETRA Technologies, Inc. First edition published 2004. Second edition published 2007. Printed in the United States of America. Trademarks ActiVis, AdvanceClean, BioPol, CORSAF , CV-Pro, DIS-Pro, FerroBan, MatchWell, OxBan, PseudoPol, SafeDEflo, TDSP , TETRAClean, TETRAHib, TETRAFlex, TETRAVis, and TP-Pro are trademarks of TETRA Technologies, Inc. TETRA, the TETRA logo, EXPRESS, and PayZone are registered trademarks of TETRA Technologies, Inc. Celatom is a registered trademark of EaglePicher, Inc. Hydril is a registered trademark of Hydril Company. Warning and Disclaimer The information presented herein is believed by TETRA Technologies, Inc. to be accurate. However, no representations are made concerning this information to any user and none shall be implied. Under no circumstances shall TETRA Technologies, Inc. or its responsible personnel be liable for any damages, including without limitation any special, incidental, or consequential damages, which may be claimed to have resulted from the use of any information contained herein. Contributors The following team members participated in the creation of this guide and we want to acknowledge their contributions and thank them for their efforts. Production Editor: Stephanie Wiegand Technical Editor: Russell Fisher, Strategic Market Management Chris Atkinson Dennis L. Howe Michael Shaw Charlie Barton Don Kehlenbeck Larry Sims Thomas S. Carter Kurt Landry Roosevelt Smith Joey Detiveaux Jeffrey McKennis Edward D. Stegall Weyman Dunaway Suren Mishra Mike Stephens Russell Fisher Aaron Morse Stephen W. Stroh Judy Franklin Joe Murphey Duane Sutherland Joe Free David Odum Rosa Swartwout Cheryl Frey Wayne Peddy Ray Talabi Judy Guy-Caffey Richard Perkins Ric Termine Steve Hardwick Hank Reeves Don Walters Allen Hayes, Jr. Rob Richie Loren E. Worley Bernard Hester Ashley Saltzer www.tetratec.com I Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction Why We Wrote this Guide ......................................................................2 Use of Icons ............................................................................................2 Contact Information .................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2 Fluid Planning: Fluid Selection Safety and the Environment .....................................................................5 The Planning Process ........................................................................... 8 Design Rationale .....................................................................................8 Planning for Wells Requiring Corrosion Resistant Alloys .............................9 Fluid Categories ................................................................................... 10 Fluid Density ........................................................................................ 11 General Fluid Density Ranges ................................................................14 Density Ranges .....................................................................................15 Crystallization Temperature ................................................................... 15 Temperature Considerations ...................................................................16 Seasonal Effects and Brine Selection .......................................................17 Pressure Considerations—Pressurized Crystallization Temperature ............17 Temperature and Pressure Effects ........................................................... 18 Estimating Required Fluid Volume .......................................................... 22 Calculating Volume Requirements ...........................................................22 Permeability and Pressure Conditions in a Producing Zone ......................26 Distance to the Supply Point ...................................................................27 Volume Calculation Worksheet ...............................................................27 Fluid Compatibility ............................................................................ 28 Mineralogy ..........................................................................................28 Reservoir Fluid Chemistry ......................................................................28 Metallurgy and Elastomers .....................................................................28 Specialty Formulated Brines and Engineered Fluid Systems ......................29 Reasons to Consider a Specialty Fluid ....................................................29 CHAPTER 3 Fluid Planning: Processes and Systems Maintenance of Clear Brine Fluid Properties .......................................... 35 Corrosion Control ................................................................................ 40 Displacement ..................................................................................... 46 Fluid Loss Control ................................................................................. 50 Filtration and Brine Clarity .................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4 Field Applications and Brine Maintenance General Density Equations .................................................................... 59 Mixing Two Known Fluids—Unknown Final Density ................................60 Mixing Two Known Fluids—Known Final Density ....................................61 TETRA Technologies, Inc. II www.tetratec.com Kill Weight Fluids .................................................................................63 Weight Up of Working Fluid with Spike Fluid .........................................63 Surface Density Correction ....................................................................65 Brine Volume Calculations .....................................................................67 Maximum Volume of a Specific Density .................................................67 Weight Up of Single Salt Brine with Dry Chemicals ................................68 Weight Up Tables .................................................................................69 Dry Salt Weight Up Volume Increase .....................................................70 Cutback Calculations ............................................................................71 Cutback Tables ....................................................................................72 Mixing Viscosified Pills ..........................................................................74 Determining Product Type .....................................................................75 Brine Type ...........................................................................................75 TETRAVis L Plus Curves .........................................................................78 Blending Equipment .............................................................................88 Spotting Balanced Pills ..........................................................................88 Slug Calculations .................................................................................91 CHAPTER 5 Product Quick Reference Clear Brine Fluids .................................................................................98 Single Salt Fluids ..................................................................................98 Multisalt Fluids .....................................................................................99 Stock, Custom, and Specialty Fluids .......................................................99 Fluids Specially Blended to Control Fluid Loss .......................................100 Breaker Technology ............................................................................101 Bridging Agents .................................................................................101 Microfiber Bridging Agents .................................................................101 Calcium Carbonate Bridging Agents ...................................................102 Sized Salt Bridging Agents .................................................................102 Corrosion Control Additives ................................................................103 Dry Salt Weight Material ....................................................................104 Formation Protection Additives ............................................................105 pH Control and Buffering Agents .........................................................106 Rheological and Filtrate Control Products .............................................107 Filtration Products ...............................................................................109 Filtration Equipment ............................................................................109 Filtration Consumables ........................................................................110 Chemical Displacement Products .........................................................111 Specialized Rental Equipment .............................................................112 Specialty Wellbore Cleanup Tools .......................................................113 CHAPTER 6 Tables, Formulas, and Planning Support Units of Measurement .........................................................................119 Common Minerals and Metals ............................................................120 Useful Conversion Factors ...................................................................121 Useful Formulas ..................................................................................124 Capacity Tables .................................................................................129 Engineered Solutions Guide for Clear Brine Fluids and Filtration III Volume 2 Annular Velocity .................................................................................144 Single Salt Fluid Composition and Blending Tables ...............................145 CHAPTER 7 U.S. Safety and Environmental Information CBF Chemical Constituents .................................................................167 Brine Handling and Personal Safety ....................................................168 Handling of Clear Brine Fluids ............................................................169 Safety Equipment ...............................................................................170 Recommendations for Immediate Treatment .........................................171 Environmental Considerations: Brine Handling and Disposal .................171 Hazardous Substances .......................................................................171 Discharges ........................................................................................172 Permitted Discharges ..........................................................................172 Releases ............................................................................................173 Reportable Quantities (RQs) ................................................................173 Releases to the Environment and Notification Requirements ...................175 Agency Contact Information ...............................................................176 CHAPTER 8 Special Topics Crystallization Temperature .................................................................181 Formulation and Specification of Crystallization Temperature ................183 Pressurized Crystallization Temperature ...............................................184 Corrosion Control ..............................................................................185 Corrosion Overview ...........................................................................185 Major Types of Corrosion ...................................................................187 Displacement .....................................................................................193 Displacement Methods .......................................................................194 Chemical Displacement Systems .........................................................195 Displacement Modeling Software ........................................................198 Condition of Surface Equipment ..........................................................198 Predisplacement Condition of Mud ......................................................199 Condition of Flowpath ........................................................................199 Pressure Differentials ...........................................................................200 Factors Influencing Displacement Efficiency ..........................................200 Reduction of Fluid Loss ........................................................................203 Fluid Loss Strategies ............................................................................204 Filtration ............................................................................................205 Filtration Equipment Sizing ..................................................................206 Filtration Theory .................................................................................209 Brine Filtration ....................................................................................212 Rig Practices and Filtration Performance ..............................................215 Clarity ...............................................................................................216 Clarity Problems—Contaminants and the Formation of Solids ................217 Miscellaneous Contaminants ...............................................................217 Formation of Solids ............................................................................219 Conclusion ........................................................................................219 TETRA Technologies, Inc. IV www.tetratec.com CHAPTER 9 References References .........................................................................................223 CHAPTER 10 Useful Lists List of Tables .......................................................................................225 List of Figures .....................................................................................226 List of Symbols Used in Equations ........................................................227 www.tetratec.com 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction TETRA Technologies, Inc. was a pioneer in the use of clear brine fluids for well completions, workovers, and drilling operations, and the Com- pany has continued to be an innovator in the industry. For more than two decades, TETRA has worked to develop new and more technically advanced products to meet the ever-changing needs of our customers. All segments of our fluids operation—from manufacturing the base products to technical planning and support—work in concert to provide an integrated solution for our energy industry customers. Our 26,000-square-foot technology center has state-of-the-art research and testing equipment and is manned by technologists and Ph.D. chem- ists who have developed and supported many new innovations in oilfield well completions. Focused on solving industry-related issues, TETRA keeps abreast of oilfield trends and strives to design products and tech- niques aimed at solving emerging problems such as environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of chrome production tubing in high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) wells. Extensive and innovative research in this Technical Support Engineering Services Engineered Fluid Systems Filtration Clear Brine Fluids and Products Wellbore Cleanup Products and Services TETRA’s Integrated Package of Fluids Products and Services Calcium Chloride Manufacturing Brominated Products Manufacturing CHAPTER 1 TETRA Technologies, Inc. 2 IN T RO DUC TI ON www.tetratec.com area, as well as that related to other production challenges such as fluid loss and production impairment, is ongoing. In addition to innovative product development, the technology center personnel support our field engineers and provide quality assurance control and best practices guidance to our domestic and international operations. Why We Wrote this Guide The Engineered Solutions Guide for Clear Brine Fluids and Filtration has been developed by TETRA in an effort to assist our customers in planning for and engineering well completions designed to maximize well perfor- mance and profitability. We hope that this publication provides useful information and tools that facilitate the application of products and tech- nologies designed to enhance our customers’ producing formations. We have provided useful lists and a comprehensive index to help you access information that is of interest to you. In addition, the interactive CD version includes full search capabilities. Use of Icons There are several icons used throughout the guide to provide the reader with visual clues. A brief explanation of each follows. ; This icon signifies a Recommendation. This icon signifies a Note to highlight information that may be important to readers. Ì ! This icon signifies a Warning or Caution. 1 SALT This icon signifies that the associated text refers to Single Salt Fluids. 2 SALT This icon signifies that the associated text refers to Two Salt Fluids. 3 SALT This icon signifies that the associated text refers to Three Salt Fluids. Engineered Solutions Guide for Clear Brine Fluids and Filtration INTRODUCTION 3 IN TROD U CT ION Second Edition Contact Information Requesting a Copy of this Guide To receive a copy of this guide, please include your name, company name, address information, and phone number in your request and send it to TETRA via e-mail or by mail as outlined below: E-mail Your Request to: solutions-guide@tetratec.com Mail Your Request to: TETRA Technologies, Inc. Attn: Engineered Solutions Guide 25025 Interstate uploads/Science et Technologie/ tetra-engineered-solutions-guide.pdf