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PURE LABWATER GUIDE An essential overview of lab water purification application

PURE LABWATER GUIDE An essential overview of lab water purification applications, monitoring and standards. Introduction THE PURE LABWATER GUIDE The Pure LabWater Guide is an essential resource for individuals who use pure water or wish to learn more about the subject. Providing an overview of water purification requirements, techniques and applications in science and medicine, this educational guide will enable you to choose the correct grade of water and most reliable method of production at an economical cost to both your budget and the environment. Challenges: impurities and variations in drinking water Water for most laboratory and clinical applications is usually purified from drinking water. However, the unique ability Contents 1 Introduction 1 - 4 2 Research and analysis applications 5-22 3 Clinical diagnostics 23-28 4 Healthcare 29-32 5 Water purification overview 33-72 6 Glossary 73-76 1-2 Introduction “Pure water is the most common substance that underpins a vast number of diverse scientific and medical applications – its importance should never be undervalued.” of water to dissolve (to some extent) virtually every chemical compound and support practically every form of life means that drinking water supplies contain many substances in solution or suspension; additional impurities are derived during the drinking water purification process. Furthermore, unlike other raw materials, drinking water may vary significantly in purity both from one geographical region to another and from season to season. In today’s laboratories, the availability of pure water is essential, and while domestic consumers consider tap water to be “pure”, laboratory scientists and healthcare professionals regard it as highly contaminated. Analytical and experimental scientists are concerned with elements and compounds at concentrations in the parts per billion (ppb) range or lower as many of these contaminants can have a negative effect on applications through their interaction with other substances, including the substance under analysis. There are 5 classes of impurities found in natural and drinking water: • Suspended particles • Dissolved inorganic compounds • Dissolved organic compounds • Microorganisms & biomolecules • Dissolved gases The overall objective of water purification methods for scientific and medical applications is to remove drinking water impurities while minimising additional contamination from purification system components and bacterial growth. How to use this guide This guide is written by ELGA and is based on more than 70 years’ experience dedicated solely to the research, design, manufacture and installation of water purification systems. The comprehensive Pure LabWater Guide is an amalgamation of our original Pure LabWater Guide and Pure Clinical LabWater Guide, first published in 1991 and 2003 respectively. In addition to providing updates in the field of water purification (i.e. new water purification technologies, additional applications and revised standards) the guide has been designed so that the information you require can be more easily accessed. Throughout this guide you will see hints and tips and “Pure Facts” about water purification with diagrams that summarise important technologies, systems and processes. A glossary is provided at the back so that you can simultaneously refer to and understand technical terms you are less familiar with. This guide is divided into 4 easy-to-access sections. • Research and testing (section 1) • Clinical diagnostics (section 2) • Healthcare (section 3) • Water purification overview (section 4, further divided into 5 subsections) • Production of drinking water • Impurities in drinking water • Water purification technologies • Maintaining the purity of purified water • Purified water standards Section 1 Research and testing Focuses on the vast range of applications that are performed in different laboratories, spanning basic glassware washing and rinsing through to the most critical molecular biology and cell culture techniques. It outlines the types of water required for each category of application. Section 2 Clinical diagnostics Highlights the importance of using extremely pure water to obtain valid and reliable chemical test results. It outlines the international standards and regulations required for these applications. Section 3 Healthcare We outline numerous applications in Healthcare that require high-purity water, including the decontamination cleaning process for rinsing surgical instruments (e.g. endoscopes) and the production of steam for instrument sterilisation. It details the stringent guidelines and water standards that are now being imposed for these applications. Section 4 Water purification overview Provides a comprehensive overview about water, detailing the types of impurities found in water and the technologies, system design and components that are required to successfully remove them. The selection of the initial stages of a purification system will depend on the characteristics of the feedwater and the entire process starts with a pretreatment stage. The major water purification technologies are outlined and each has its advantages and restrictions; for example, some technologies can remove large amounts of several impurities, while others can remove one specific type of impurity down to extremely low levels. About ELGA As an integral part of Veolia, the world’s leading water service company, ELGA provides a reliable source of water that economically meets the required compliancy of all our customers’ scientific and medical applications. With more than 70 years’ experience dedicated solely to pioneering water purification systems, we are continuing to apply cutting- edge research with innovative and ergonomic design. ELGA delivers robust and easy-to-install systems to meet our customers ever changing needs. We also work very closely with leading laboratory instrument companies to customise water purification systems for specific applications. Additionally, we play a pro-active role with the water standards organisations which develop and recommend the Lab water quality requirements. With a network of over 600 service centres worldwide, ELGA guarantees an unrivalled package of service and support, no matter where you are, for its entire range of water purification systems. 3-4 Pioneering laboratory water purification: There are a myriad of different published standards that define the water quality required for specific applications. ASTM® (American Society for Testing and Materials) and ISO® (International Organization for Standardization) 3696 provide guidelines for for laboratory applications; CLSI® (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines define water quality requirements for clinical laboratories. Some laboratories will also adopt standards outlined in the European, US or Japanese Pharmacopoeia. However, very few of these standards are specific to your particular application; going too far will result in unnecessary costs or not far enough will endanger the accuracy of your results. This guide will allow you to navigate through the maze of standards and help you to choose with ease the right type of water and method of production to provide you with the correct purity at an economical cost to your budget and the environment. 1937 – 1955 Walter Lorch founded ELGA. Distillation was at the forefront of water purification, however the limitations of this technology, with regards purity, provided a driver for change. The cartridge-type deioniser was invented by Walter Lorch 1960 – 1970 ELGA collaborated with London School of Pharmacy to develop products aimed at the hospital market, laboratories and general industry 1980 – 1989 ELGA established the School of Water Sciences. Walter Lorch published ‘The Handbook of Water Purification’. ELGA was the first to introduce UV photo-oxidation to a laboratory purification system. ELGA launched MedRo, a system specifically designed for the renal market 1990 – 1999 ELGA launched the PURELAB UHQ, a combination of ion exchange, membrane processes, adsorption and photo-oxidation in a water purification ‘system’ that provides high-purity water at minimum costs. ELGA wins the Queens award for design. ELGA invented the ‘Type II’ or distillation replacement system, which became incorporated into their ‘Option’ range of products. ELGA developed MEDICA, the first water purification systems specifically designed for the clinical diagnostic market. ELGA launch the PureSure system (using multi- stage monitoring) as well as our real-time method of TOC monitoring 2000 ELGA became the Laboratory Water division of Veolia. ELGA launched the Option-E5, the first laboratory purification system to feature recirculating Electro Deionisation of treated water 2003 ELGA launched the revolutionary CENTRA systems, the first packaged centralised system for laboratory water purification 2004 ELGA launched BIOPURE the first product specifically designed to meet the latest stringent water standards in medical applications Introduction Research and analysis applications SECTION 1 Scientists perform a vast range of applications in many different kinds of laboratories. Therefore, different grades of water must be purified and utilised to match the required procedures or appliances. Water is one of the major components in many applications, but the significance of its purity is often not recognised. In this section we highlight some common applications and provide guidance on the water quality required. We also provide some guidance on what purification technologies you should be looking for in your water system. There are many water quality standards published throughout the world, however only a few are relevant to specific research applications. This has resulted in the majority of water purification companies, including ELGA, adopting broad generic classifications defined by measurable physical and chemical limits. Throughout this guide we will refer to the “Types” of water referred to in this chart (see left). Resitivity (MΩ-cm) TOC (PPB) Bacteria Endotoxins (EU/ml) Type I+ 18.2 <5 <1 <0.03 Type I >18 <10 <1 <0.03 Type II + uploads/Science et Technologie/ water-guide 2 .pdf