Aquut. Living Re.\our., 1996, Vol. Y , Hors série. 103- 11 1 Abstract Résumé Nu

Aquut. Living Re.\our., 1996, Vol. Y , Hors série. 103- 11 1 Abstract Résumé Nutrient requirements of catfishes (Siluroidei) Iiober-t P. Wilsotl (') and x~riri Moreau (') Acccpted February 19, 1996. Wilson R. P., Y. Moreau. In: The biology and culture of catfishes. M. Legendre, J.-P. Proteau ed\. Aqucit. Living Resour.. 1996, Vol. 9, Hors série, 103- 1 1 1. 'I'he channel catfish (Icta1ur~l.s puiz(.rrrtrr.s) is the most widely cultured foodfish in the U.S., thus rrioît of the nutrient rcquireinerit data are available for tliis specics. Qualitatively, about 40 nutrierits have been identificd as neceswry 1Ur the normal inetabolic Punction of the channel catfish with quantitative reyuircmcnt values available for about 30 nutrients including aniino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Additional information is available on protcin and energy requircmcnts, digestible protcin and encrgy coefficients as well as amino acid availability values. Thus adcquate nutritional information is available to formulate high quality practical channel catfish feeds. Only limited nutricnt requirement data arc available for the othcr Siluroidei species. Somc requirerrient data have been rcportcd for a few specics from Africa (C1ariu.s guriel~inu.~. C. i.sheriensi.s, Heterohmnchus 1origifili.s and H. hidor.suli.s), Asia (C1uricr.s l)rclrrr(.hrl.s, C. nzucrocel~hulu.~, C Ju.c.c.us and Heteropneustc,~ fi.s.si1i.s) and Europe (Si1uru.s glunis). The available requircmciit data will be suniniarized and comparcd with thc rcquirement data for thc channel catfi\h. Somc variation does appcar to cxist in optirnum dictary protcin Icvels, essential fatty acid requirerrients, and lipid vs carbohydratc utilization. Keywards: Protein, cncrgy, fatty acid, carbohydrates, riiinerals, vitamins, wariiiwater fish, fish farrning. Les besoins nutritionnels des poissons-chut.s (Siluroidei). La barbue de rivière ou poisson chat américain (I~rulurus punctatus) est l'espèce dc poisson dont l'élevage, à des fins culinaires, est le plus répandu aux Etats-Unis, c'est pourquoi les besoins nutritionnels de cette espécc sont connus, pour la plupart. Qualitativement, près de 40 nutriments ont été reconnus nécessaires au bon fonctionnement métabolique de ce poisson. Quantitativement, Ics valeurs correspondant à ces besoins ont été déterminées pour presque 30 d'entre eux dont les acides aminés, les acides gras, les minéraux et les vitamines. Dcs informations compl6mentaires sont disponibles sur les besoins protéino- énergétiques, les coefficients de protéine et d'éncrgic digestible ainsi que sur la disponibilité digestive des acides aminés. Pratiqucment, ces informations permettent la formulation en routine d'aliments de qualité qui répondent aux cxigences de l'espèce. Pour les autres cspèces de Siluroidei, la connaissance de leurs besoins nutritionnels cst plus restreinte. Quelques données ont pu être obtenues sur des espkces originaires d'Afrique (Clarias gariepinu.~, C. isheriensis, Heterohrunchus 1ongiJili.s et H. hidor.sulis), d'Asie (C1uriu.s but ru chu.^, C. macrocephulu.s, C. ,fuscus et Heteropneu.st~s,fo,rsilis) et d'Europe (Silurus ~1uni.s). Les informations disponibles sur leurs besoins nutritionnels sont récapitulées et comparées aux données disponibles pour la barbue dc rivière. Quelques points de divcrgcnces apparaissent pour la concentration prot6iquc optimale de l'aliment, les besoins en acides gras essentiels et l'utilisation réciproque des lipidcs ct dcs glucides. Mots-clés : Protéines, énergie, acide5 gras, glucides, minéraux, vitamincs, poissons tropicaux, élevage piscicole. . . - - . - - - - - -- - . - . Aquat. Livittg Resour. ISSN 0990-7740196lHors sfrie/$ 7.001Q I13KEMER-Gauthier-V~lIars 104 R. P. Wilson and Y. Moreau INTRODUCTION The channel catfish (Icta1uru.v punctutus) is the most widely cultured foodfish in the U.S., thus most of the nutrient requirement data for finfish are available for this species. Qualitatively, about 40 nutrients have been identified as necessary for the normal mctabolic function of the channel catfish with quantitative requirement values available for about 30 nutrients including amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Additional information is available on protein and energy requirements, digestible protein and energy coefficients as well as amino acid availability values. Thus adequate nutritional information is available to formulate high quality practical channel cattish feeds. Only limited nutrient requirement data are available for the other Siluroidei species. Some requirement data have been reported for a few species from Africa (Clarias gariepinus, C. isherien.sis, Heterobranchu.~ 1ongijili.s and H. bidor.vali,s), Asia (C1aria.s hatru- chus, C. macrocephalu.s, C. fuscus and Heteropneustes fo.r.si1i.s) and Europe si lu ru.^ glanis). The available data are summarized herein and compared with the requirement data for the channel catfish. Some variation does appear to exist in optimum dictary protein levels, essential fatty acid requirements and lipid vs carbohydrate utilization. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS Protein and amino acids Estimations of the protein requirement of channel catfish have been based on total weight gains of fish fed practical and purified diets. These studies have indicated optimum dietary levels of crude protein ranging from 25 to 50%. These differences are Table 1. - Dictary crude protein and digestible energy (DE) recommi prohably due to differences in size of the fish, water temperature, natural food available in the ponds, fish stocking density, daily feed allowance, amount of nonprotein energy in the feed, and the quality of the dietary protein. Studies in controlled environments have indicated that the protein requirement of channel catfish ranges from 25 to 36%, depending on fish size. When 114 g or larger fish were fed to satiation, 25% dietary protein was adequate for maximum growth. However, when the feeding rate was restricted, higher protein levels were beneficial (Page and Andrews, 1973). Smaller fish required higher protein levels and grcw best at 35% dietary protein. Maximum growth rates were observed in small (7 g) channel catfish fed purificd diets containing 36% protein and 1.4 MJ.100 g ' diet (Carling and Wilson, 1976). However, maximum protein deposition (g.kg '.day-l) was observed in fish fed 24% protein and 1.2 MJ.lOO g ' diet. Gatlin el al. (1986) have determined the protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of small channel catfish fed purified diets. The maintenance protein reyuirement was found to be 1 .O0 to 1.32 g protein.kg body weight.'.day-l and the value for maximum growth was 8.75 g protein.kg body weight-'.day-'. This latter value indicates that a 29% protein diet should be adequate for channel catfish when fed at a feeding rate of 3% of body weight.day-'. Most commercial channel catfish feeds contain 32% protein. However, some channel catfish farmers use 28, 30 and 36% protein feeds. Recommended dietary protein levels for other Siluroidei species are generally higher than for channel catfish (table 1). The best growth responses have been obtained with feeds containing 35 to 50% crude protein (Henken et al., 1986; Hilge and Schwalb-Buchling, 1980). When one considers the daily feeding rate associated with these diets, most of the daily protein :ndation\ reported for various catfi\h species. -- Species Protein mg protcin Reference % k~ DE.' Clarias anguilluris 40 Madu and Tsumba (19x9) Clurias batrachus 39.5 31 ' Mollah and Hussain (1990) Clarias batrachus 30 Chuapoehuk (1987) CIariux guriepinus 40 Degani et al. ( 1 989) 50 24 Henken et al. (1986) Clarias i~heriensis 37 22 1.3 Fagbenro (1992) Heterobranchus hidorsulis 40 25 Kerdcheun (1992) Heterohrrinchus longifilis 42.5 26 Fagbenro et al. (1 092) Heteropneustes fossilis 28-35 A kand er al. (1 989) lctalurus punctutus 32 25 NRC (1993) My~tus nemurus 42 27 Khan et al. (1 993) Pangasius sutchi 25 Chuapoehuk and Pothissong (1 985) ' Energy value calculated on proximate analysis basis (1,uquet and Moreau, 1989). Fry. "ross energy basis. Digestible protein basis. Aquat. Living Keiour., Vol. 9, Hors série - 1996 Nutrient requirements of catfishes requirements range from 15 to 20 g crude protein.kg body weight-'.day-', but can be as low as 12 (Mollah and Hussain, 1990) or 10 g crude protein.kg body weight ".day-' (Henken et al., 1986). Channel catfish have been shown to require the same 10 essential amino acids as other fish (Dupree and Halver, 1970). The quantitative requirements for thesc essential amino acids are summarized in table 2. These rcquirement values were obtained by fecding craded levels of each resuective amino acid in a test v diet containing a mixture of casein, gelatin, and amino acids formulated so that the amino acid profile was identical to whole chicken egg protein except for the amino acid being tested. These amino acid test diets had to be neutralized to pH 7.0 for maximum utilization (Wilson et al., 1977). A highly significant correlation was found between the essential amino acid requirement pattern and the content of the same amino acids in whole body tissue of the channel catfish. In addition, no differences were detected in the whole body amino acid composition of channel catfish ranging from 30 to 863 g, which was interpreted to indicate that the amino acid requirements when expressed as a percent of dietary protein should not change with increasing size of the fish (Wilson and Poe, 1985). No gross deficiency signs wcre detected in the fish fed the various amino acid deficient diets other than a marked reduction in weight gain. Table 2. - Quantitative amino acid requircmcnts of channel catfish '. Amino acid Requirement Reference Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine 1,ysine Methionine Phenylalaninc Threonine Tryptophan Valine Robinson et al. (1981) Wilson et ul. (1980) Wilson et al. (1 980) Wilson et al. (1980) Wilson et al. (1977) Robinson et ul. (1980h) Harding et al. 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