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Armenian demonology BRU L Iran and the Caucasus Í g- Armenian Demonology A Critical Overview' Garnik Asatrían Yerevan State University Abstract The paper is a critical study of the Armenian demonic nomenclature of the ancient and later periods covering th

BRU L Iran and the Caucasus Í g- Armenian Demonology A Critical Overview' Garnik Asatrían Yerevan State University Abstract The paper is a critical study of the Armenian demonic nomenclature of the ancient and later periods covering the Classical and Middle Armenian texts and modem dialects including Westem Armenian traditions which were alive until the ?rst decades of the th century among the population of the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire The author presents a full list of the Armenian demons of di ?erent periods critically revising the origin of their names and functions on a comparative background Keywords Armenian Demons Iranian Demons Armenian Folk-Beliefs Armenian Mythology Iranian Folk-Beliefs ARMENIAN DEMONS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The Classical Armenian demons are generally well-known and have been examined many times in the relevant literature in relation to the Iranian material or separately see e g Stakel'berg ? Ali? an Sahaziz - Xostikean Têr-Polosean Garamanlean Ishkol-Kerovpian Russell Asatrian etc There are names attested in Classical literature denoting various kinds of male ?cent beings devk' k'ajk' cark' tirés satana Azazel Béeizebui in modern dialects Vehevui Behebuh Pekeon visap druz aysk' payk' sidark' ciwaik' Sahapetk' Sadayel Belial r hambaru parik yuskaparik nhang and he? mak in the compound hesmakapastk' worshippers of heSmak in Ez- The enlarged version of the paper presented at the intemational conference Ad ulteriores gentes The Christians in the East ist- th c organised by the University of Rome La Sapienza Ponti ?cal Oriental Institute Rome and IsIAO Rome March - Rome I am grateful to Martin Schwartz for his comments and valuable suggestions on this study ? Koninklijke Brill NV U-idcn U G X U C G Asatrian ?ran and the Caucasus - nik as a synonym o? satana Most of those terms are transparent being either of Iranian or Semitic origin There are only a few genuine Armenian forms The Semitic names are the so-called learned or literary words coming mainly from the Bible satana Azazel Béelzebul and BeliaL sidar k' is probably from Syriac satar crazy stupid as suggested by Aèaryan - otherwise see Russell ? and Sadayel a later form meaning Satan but without a convincing interpretation ' The names of Iranian origin prevail by number and belong probably to the spoken language Some of them can be easily identi ?ed with their Iranian parallels dev k ??with dév hesmak Georg hesmaki ??from an unattested MPers hésmak Pahlavi xésm Parthian smag cf also Av aésma- wrath also demon of wrath parik ??from MPers par? k Av pairik? - lengthily discussed by Bivar see however a more substantiated view in Schwartz and nhang an aquatic monster ??from a MPers n hang NPers nahang crocodile For visap dragon compare Av Azi Vis? pa hr? s monster ??from Iran Jras- the -é- is due to a secondary reference to hrèstak and druz a harmful dev ??from Parth druz demon Av druj- MPers druz However the rest of the ostensibly Iranian forms require additional comments Arm sahapet attested in Agathangelos and