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Dream interpretation in the ramesside ag

Szpakowska K 'Dream Interpretation in the Ramesside Age' in Mark Collier and Steven Snape eds Ramesside Studies in Honour of K A Kitchen Bolton Rutherford Press - Dream Interpretation in the Ramesside Age K ? ? ? ? S ? ? ? ? It is a great honour to be able to play a part in this tribute to Kenneth Kitchen an Egyptologist whose work has always had such an impact on me e KRI has constantly been kept close at hand as have so many of his books and articles on the Ramesside Age but I have also been inspired by his commentaries on subjects outside the realm of historical studies In particular his article ? e Curse of Publication and the Blight of Novelty ? ? has encouraged me try to keep my own work more reader-friendly and to focus on maintaining quality over quantity It is with a great debt of gratitude therefore that I o ?er this paper on one small aspect of life in Ramesside Egypt A discussion of dream interpretation be ?ts this volume that focusses on the Ramesside Age for it is precisely during this time that the use of dreams as a form of divination is ?rmly attested ?? Prior to this time dreams appear only in other contexts e earliest currently known references to dreams are found in letters to the dead dating from the Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period which were left in or near the tomb of the addressee In one of these P Nag ed-Deir ?? ? ?? ? the writer complains of being watched by the dead in a nightmare ?? while in the other a husband hopes to see his deceased wife acting on his behalf in a dream ?? From the Middle Kingdom onwards rather than being presented as desirable visions dreams appeared as malignant forces to be repulsed and avoided is is attested in execration texts medical spells and prescriptions to be used alongside artefacts such as headrests that would o ?er the vulnerable sleeper a modicum of protection ? Literary texts such as the Tale of Sinuhe and the Teachings of Ptahhotep employed the metaphor of dreams to emphasise that which was ephemeral untrustworthy and potentially dangerous e dream was perceived as a sort of liminal space whose boundaries lay somewhere between the world of the living and the world beyond that allowed contact between the dreamer and those who inhabited the afterlife the gods the dead and the damned From the time of the New Kingdom gods began to appear in the recorded dreams of pharaohs such as Amenhotep II ? and Merneptah ? whose divine visions occurred during respites in military campaigns ? In C J Eyre ed Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists Cambridge ?? ?? ? September ? ? ? ? OLA ? ?? Leuven ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? For dreams in general and this argument speci ?cally see