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West germanic languages pdf

West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English German and Dutch The family also includes other High and Low German languages including Afrikaans and Yiddish which are daughter languages of Dutch and German respectively in addition to other Franconian languages like Luxembourgish and Ingvaeonic North Sea Germanic languages next to English such as the Frisian languages and Scots Additionally several creoles patois and pidgins are based on Dutch English and German as they were languages of colonial empires Contents History Origins Existence of a West Germanic proto- language The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic Dating Early West Germanic Middle Ages Family tree Comparison of phonological and morphological features Phonology Morphology Nouns West Germanic vocabulary Notes References Bibliography External links West Germanic Geographic distribution Originally between the Rhine Alps Elbe and North Sea today worldwide Linguistic Indo-European classi ?cation Germanic West Germanic Subdivisions North Sea Germanic ?? English Scots Frisian Low German Weser-Rhine Germanic ?? German Franconian Dutch Afrikaans Elbe Germanic ?? German Alemannic Bavarian Luxembourgish Hunsrik Yiddish ISO - gmw Linguasphere -AB -AC Glottolog west http glottolog or g resource languoid id west History Origins The West Germanic languages share many lexemes not existing in North Germanic or East Germanic ?? archaisms as well as common neologisms Existence of a West Germanic proto-language Extent of Germanic languages in present day Europe Most scholars doubt that there was a Proto-West-Germanic proto-language common to the West Germanic languages and no others though a few maintain that Proto-West-Germanic existed Most agree that after East Germanic broke o ? an event usually dated to the nd or st century BC the remaining Germanic languages the Northwest Germanic languages divided into four main dialects North Germanic and the three groups conventionally called West Germanic namely North Sea Germanic ancestral to Anglo-Frisian and Old Saxon Weser-Rhine Germanic ancestral to Low Franconian and the Central German dialects of Old High German Elbe Germanic ancestral to the Upper German dialects of Old High German and the extinct Langobardic language Although there is quite a bit of knowledge about North Sea Germanic or Anglo-Frisian due to characteristic features of its daughter languages Anglo-Saxon Old English and Old Frisian linguists know almost nothing about Weser-Rhine Germanic and Elbe Germanic In fact these two terms were coined in the s to refer to groups of archaeological ?ndings rather than linguistic features Only later were these terms applied to hypothetical dialectal di ?erences within both regions Even today the very small number of Migration Period runic inscriptions from this area ??many of them illegible unclear or consisting only of one word often a name ??is insu ?cient to identify linguistic features speci ?c to the two supposed dialect groups Evidence that East Germanic split o ? before the split between North and West Germanic comes from a number of linguistic innovations