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Hanyu pinyin guide Hanyu Pinyin Pronunciation Guide Stephen M Hou Version This guide is intended to teach native English speakers how to pronounce words written in Hanyu Pinyin the o ?cial Romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese used in mainland

Hanyu Pinyin Pronunciation Guide Stephen M Hou Version This guide is intended to teach native English speakers how to pronounce words written in Hanyu Pinyin the o ?cial Romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese used in mainland China Taiwan and Singapore Keep in mind that Romanization is not intended approximate English pronunciation ?? it is simply a mapping from Latin letters to the sounds of Mandarin This is also true for other languages that use the Latin alphabet for example the letter ??j ? is pronounced di ?erently in English French Spanish and German Unless otherwise stated the English example words are pronounced with a Standard American accent The Structure of Syllables Instead of the inventory of sounds being fundamentally categorized into consonants and vowels all the possible syllables in Standard Mandarin consist of at most three components an initial a ?nal and a tone The initial which is optional is the ?rst consonant group of the syllable For example in the syllable ??ban ? ??b- ? is the initial in the syllable ??zhang ? ??zh- ? is the initial The ?nal is the remainder of the syllable Seven initial consonants may stand alone as syllables without ?nals zh- ch- sh- r- z- c- and s- In these cases the letter ??-i ? is added as a ??placeholder ? to indicate an empty ?nal Finally the tone is always present Some ?nals contain one of three glides -i- -u- and -ü- These are vowels in the middle of syllable that are followed by more vowels in the same syllable It is important to note that such syllables are written as one syllable and thus are to be pronounced as one syllable For example English speakers are tempted to pronounced ??liang ? as the two-syllable combination ??lee-ang ? However the ??-i- ? sound is of very short duration and ??glides ? into the rest of the ?nal When the glide sounds -i- -u- and -ü- have no initial null initial they are written as y- w- and yu- respectively For example when initials are removed from ??liang ? ??tuan ? and ??lü ? they become ??yang ? ??wan ? and ??yu ? respectively Tones Mandarin has four tones plus a neutral ?? ?fth ? tone st tone Steady high like singing nd tone Rises from mid- level to high like ?? What ? rd tone Dips from mid-low to low if at the end of a sentence or before a pause it is followed by a rise th tone Sharp fall from high to low like ??Stop ? Tones are written as diacritical marks above a vowel in the syllable For example the four tones of the syllable ??ma ? are m ? má m mà The neutral tone is written without any marks at all ma Alternatively numbers can be written after the Roman letters ma ma ma ma and ma Mandarin has one general tone sandhi rule When there are two rd tones in a row the ?rst one