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Witch 1 De ?nitions of witchcraft In anthropological terminology a 'witch' di ?ers from a sorcerer in that they do not use physical tools or actions to curse their male ?cium is perceived as extending from some intangible inner quality and the person may

De ?nitions of witchcraft In anthropological terminology a 'witch' di ?ers from a sorcerer in that they do not use physical tools or actions to curse their male ?cium is perceived as extending from some intangible inner quality and the person may be unaware that they are a 'witch' or may have been convinced of their own evil nature by the suggestion of others This de ?nition was pioneered in a study of central African magical beliefs by E E Evans-Pritchard who cautioned that it might not correspond with normal English usage Historians of European witchcraft have found the anthropological de ?nition di ?cult to apply to European and British witchcraft where 'witches' could equally use or be accused of using physical techniques and some really had attempted to cause harm by thought alone As in anthropology European witchcraft is seen by historians as an ideology for explaining misfortune however this ideology manifested in diverse ways Reasons for accusations of witchcraft fall into four general categories A person was caught in the act of positive or negative sorcery A well- meaning sorcerer or healer lost their clients' or the authorities' trust A person did nothing more than gain the enmity of their neighbours A person was reputed to be a witch and surrounded with an aura of witch- beliefs Éva Pócs in turn identi ?es three varieties of witch in popular belief y The neighbourhood witch or social witch a witch who curses a neighbour following some con ict The magical or sorcerer witch either a professional healer sorcerer seer or midwife or a person who has through magic increased her fortune to the perceived detriment of a neighbouring household due to neighbourly or community rivalries and the ambiguity betwe BIBLIOGRAPHY - For a short list of general works and a topographical bibliography see Herzog-Hauck Realencyklopddie s v Hexen see also W H D Adams Witch Warlock Magician pp - G L Burr in Papers of American Hist Ass iv For classical times see Daremberg and Saglio Dictionnaire des antiquites s v Magia For Scotland see C K Sharpe Historical Account pp - J Ferguson Witchcraft Literature reprint from publications of Edinburgh Bibliographical Soc iii For New England see Justin Winsor in Proc Am Ant Soc Oct and G H Moore in do N S V For France see R YvePlessis Essai d'une bibliographie francaise de la sorcellerie For Italy see C G Leland Etruscan-Roman Remains Legends of Florence '' and Aradia G Cavagnari Il Romanzo dei Settimani Folklore viii - Niceforo and Sighele La Mala Vita a Roma E N Rolfe Naples in the Nineties For Africa see R E 'Dennett Seven Years among the Fjort Folklore of the Fjort and At the Back of the Black Man's Mind For the American negro see M A Owen Old Rabbit the Voodoo For India see W Crooke Introduction to Popular Religion and Folklore in N India For a survey of European witchcraft up to the th century see J Hansen