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Referencing Guide Questions & Answers The APA Style American Psychological Asso

Referencing Guide Questions & Answers The APA Style American Psychological Association Produced by Teaching Team, Department of Sports Development and Recreation Contents Section One - Aspects of Referencing 1 What is referencing? p. 5 2 Why reference? p. 5 3 What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? p. 6 4 How do I present referred material in my essay? p. 6 5 How do I cite authors in my essay? p. 7 6 What rules apply if there is more than one author? p. 8 7 What will my reference list look like? p. 9 8 Where do I find the exact information that I need for my reference list? p. 10 9 Is an editor cited in the same way as an author? p. 11 10 What do I do if I can’t find a named person as the author/editor? p. 11 11 What do I do if I want to refer to a part or chapter of a book? p. 12 12 What do I do if I want to cite an author that someone else has cited? p.13 13 How do I use quotations p.13 14 How do I distinguish between two items by the same author in the same year? p.14 15 What do I do if publication details are not given? p.15 Section Two - Formats for Printed Material 2.1 Books p.16 2.2 Journal article p.16 2.3 Corporate author p.17 2.4 Government Publications p.17 2.5 Conference proceedings p.17 2.6 Newspapers p.18 2.7 Legislation p.19 2.8 Theses p.19 2.9 Patents p.19 2.10 Unpublished material p.20 Section Three - Formats for Electronic and other Material Types 3.1 Videotape p.21 3.2 Film p.21 3.3 Internet p.21 3.3.1 World Wide Web p.21 3.3.2 Electronic Journal (WWW) p.22 3.3.3 Full Text Journal from Electronic Database p.23 3.3.4 Mailbase/Listserv e-mail lists p.23 3.3.5 Broadcast Media – TV Programmes p.23 3.3.6 Personal Communications – e-mails, conversations, interviews or telephone calls p.23 Points to remember! p.24 2 Section Five – Plagiarism and University Policy on Referencing Statement on Plagiarism p.25 University Policy on referencing p.25 Section Six - References References p.27 3 Referencing - Questions & Answers The aim of this document is to offer an introduction to the practice of referencing published material to anyone who is starting to write essays/reports for academic purposes. The ‘question & answer’ format is used so that the reader can easily check areas of specific concern to them. After reading these ‘questions & answers’ you should be able to:  understand the need for, and how to use, reference systems (specifically the APA STYLE)  indicate others writers’ ideas in your own work using accepted citation style  format appropriate references correctly from these citations  deal with a range of common and less common bibliographic and electronically formatted material Look out for this Nb. sign: - Nb. - this indicates important notes which highlight specific aspects of APA style or referencing practice. 4 Q. What is referencing? A. Academic writing normally involves using the material you have read and studied to justify and support the answer to your essay or question. When preparing a piece of written work you will refer to this information (ideas, theories, statistics or data) in an agreed way or format (the APA Style). Making reference to other people’s work is called ‘citing’, and the list of these authors’ works are given at the end of a piece of written work in the form of a ‘reference list’. The process of citing authors (and the associated reference list) can be done in a number of styles. This guide describes the APA Style as outlined in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Whichever system is adopted, one golden rule applies: *** be consistent in everything you do! *** This consistency applies to format, layout, type-face and punctuation. Q. Why reference? A. It is the normal academic convention to reference material you have read from the existing scholarly body of knowledge that exists in your subject area. To write in an ‘academic’ way you must refer to this information to show where it has come from and use it to construct your answer to the question posed by the essay or other piece of academic work. An essay without references in the text and a full reference list at the end would not normally be considered ‘academic’. So in the broadest sense you reference for a number of reasons:  To support an argument, to make a claim or to provide ‘evidence’  To acknowledge other peoples’ ideas or work correctly  To show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading  To avoid plagiarism (i.e. to take other peoples’ thoughts, ideas or writings and use them as your own), (see page 25) 5  To allow the reader of your work to locate the cited references easily, and so evaluate your interpretation of those ideas  To avoid losing marks! Q. What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? A. At the end of your essay under the heading ‘reference list’ you list all the items you have made direct reference to in your essay (by the authors’ name and year of publication). This list of books, journals, newspaper articles (or whatever) is organised ALPHABETICALLY by the names of the authors (or originators) of the work. (This list can be subdivided by year and letter if necessary - see page 14.) This is your reference list. Also, during the course of your preparatory reading you may use material that has been helpful for reading around the subject, but from which you do not make specific reference to in your essay. This is called a bibliography. Nb. A bibliography is not relevant or appropriate for Psychology students’ work that is submitted for assessment. Q. How do I present referred material in my essay? A. You present material in two main ways:  Paraphrasing or summarizing text that you have read – this is the most common way to use material. Putting the ideas into your own words (in the context of answering the question) and then stating where that information came from. Paraphrasing and summarizing is a skill that needs to be practiced and developed.  Quoting material directly from its source – word for word as it was in its original form (see page 14). It is less usual to do this. Your essay should not be a ‘cut and paste’ exercise using other peoples’ words. Use quotations only when you have to use the text in its original form or for presenting a longer quote which 6 you use to highlight and expand on ideas or issues in your essay. Q. How do I cite authors in my essay? A. The APA Style uses the NAME of the author of the work you wish to cite and the DATE in which the work was published. These are incorporated into the text of your work each time you make reference to that person’s ideas.  This principle applies to any item that you need to reference regardless of what it is or where it comes from – you need to find the author and date of publication. The author (or originator) is the person or organization responsible for producing that information and should be found in the source document. Author/originators can be individuals or ‘corporate’ (see page 16). The author and date then become part of the text of your essay. Surname(s) only are used; initials are not included. Names can be used as part of the sentence or placed in brackets with the year following. Eg. Names and dates will appear in your text like this: ...Rogers (1994) has suggested that body image is related to self-esteem... Only put the date in brackets if the name of author appears as part of the narrative. Otherwise place both the name and year in brackets (separated by a comma). Eg. ...in a recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994), the methods employed… If both year and author are part of they textual discussion, do not add bracketed information. Eg. In 1994, Rogers compared two different theories… Nb. Within a paragraph, it is not necessary to include the year in subsequent references to the work as long as the work cannot be confused with other works cited in the article. Eg. In a recent study of reaction times, Rogers (1994) described the method … Rogers also found… 7 Nb. If a work appears to have no name attached to it then [ANON] can be used as the author instead of a name.  Some works are the result of co-operation between lots of individuals none of whom can claim authorship e.g. dictionaries, encyclopaedias and films or videos. Titles can then be used in the place of the author name e.g. Gone with the wind.  If no date can be found then [n.d.] can be used uploads/s3/ apa-refrencing-guide.pdf