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 Outcome-focused Mission-driven Performance-based Editors Patrick Griffin

 *Outcome-focused *Mission-driven *Performance-based * Editors Patrick Griffin Patricia Torbet National Center for Juvenile Justice June 2002 2 This revision of The Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice was produced by a group of juvenile probation professionals from across the country, convened by the National Center for Juvenile Justice with funding from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Authors, contributors, and advisors to the Desktop Guide revision project included members of three national membership organi- zations that are committed to improving the status and raising the standards of the juvenile probation profession: the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, the American Probation and Parole Association, and the National Juvenile Court Services Association. 3 AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Craig Anderson Chief Probation Officer 7th Judicial District of Montana Troy Armstrong Director Center for Delinquency and Crime Policy Studies Kathleen Baird Chief Psychologist Lucas County Juvenile Detention Center, OH Amy Ballard Probation Supervisor Maricopa County Juvenile Probation, AZ Valerie Bender Restorative Justice Consultant Pittsburgh, PA Meghan Black Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice Melanie Bozynski Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice Bevely Burton Probation Officer Fulton County Juvenile Court, GA Keith Camp Education Coordinator Alabama Judicial College Elliott Wayne Carmack Probation-Parole Policy Specialist Division for Juvenile Justice Services, NH Robert Champion Administrator, Probation Services Indiana Judicial Center Susan Colling Juvenile Program Coordinator Colorado Office of Probation Services Bill County Chief Juvenile Probation Officer Lorain County Domestic Relations Court, OH i Ann Crowe Research Associate American Probation and Parole Association David Gamble Manager of Curriculum and Training National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges Patrick Griffin Research Associate National Center for Juvenile Justice Tim Howard Deputy Director Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice Shirley Hunt Senior Research Analyst Orange County Probation Department, CA Hunter Hurst IV Senior Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice Ken Mathers Community Justice Officer Deschutes County Department of Community Justice, OR Dan Pompa Court Administrator Lucas County Juvenile Court, OH Gillian Porter Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice Ralph Ricci Consultant Youngstown, OH James Rieland Chief Juvenile Probation Officer Allegheny County Juvenile Probation Department, PA Scott Reiner Court Services Specialist Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice David Roush Director Center for Research and Professional Development National Juvenile Detention Association The current revision of the Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice is the work of the following Authors and Contributors: 4 ii Barb Smith Director of Court Services 33rd Judicial District of Missouri Keith Snyder Director of Policy and Programs Pennsylvania Juvenile Court Judges’ Commission Kevin Spangenberg Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice David Steenson Juvenile Probation Officer Hennepin County Bureau of Community Corrections, MN Linda Sydney Research Associate American Probation and Parole Association Douglas Thomas Research Associate National Center for Juvenile Justice Patricia Torbet Senior Research Associate National Center for Juvenile Justice Carl Wicklund Executive Director American Probation and Parole Association Sue Yeres Juvenile Justice Trainer/Consultant San Francisco, CA Suzanna Zawacki Research Assistant National Center for Juvenile Justice Editors: Patrick Griffin Research Associate National Center for Juvenile Justice Patricia Torbet Senior Research Associate National Center for Juvenile Justice Production Editor: Kristy Connors Manager of Communications National Center for Juvenile Justice The revised Desktop Guide builds upon the foundation originally laid down by the Juvenile Probation Officer Initiative Working Group, which produced the first Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice in 1991: Theresa McCarthy Accocks Carolyn Andersen William Anderson Troy Armstrong Salvatore D’Amico Rolando del Carmen Walter Dickey Forest Eastman Carol Engel Richard Gable Argie Gomez Samuel Grott Anthony Guarna David Heden Jean Heinzen Norman Helber John Herb Jerry Hill Theresa Homisak Hunter Hurst Jo Ann Jones Eric Joy Andrew Klein Peter L’Etoile Bernard Licarione Nancy Lick Dennis Maloney Ellen Nimick Betty Osbourne B. Keith Parkhouse Mary Ann Peters Dan Pompa William Samford, II Sue Shirely Terry Showalter Melissa Sickmund M. Gale Smith Annie Sutherland Douglas Thomas M. James Toner Patricia Torbet Sandra Wilson James Wolslayer 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors/Contributors .......................................................................................................... i Introduction: Rethinking Juvenile Probation.................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: History ...................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Legal Issues ............................................................................................ 11 Chapter 3: Youth and Delinquency .......................................................................... 21 Chapter 4: Case Processing Overview...................................................................... 33 Chapter 5: Intake Decision-Making ......................................................................... 41 Chapter 6: Diversion ................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 7: Detention ................................................................................................ 57 Chapter 8: Disposition Recommendations .............................................................. 63 Chapter 9: Supervision .............................................................................................. 73 Chapter 10: Selected Practices and Techniques ........................................................ 85 Chapter 11: Special Populations ............................................................................... 109 Chapter 12: A Call to Action ..................................................................................... 133 Appendices: Glossary .................................................................................................. 139 Forms and Instruments ........................................................................ 145 Index iii King County (Seattle), Washington — Juvenile Detention Intake Criteria Orange County (Santa Ana), California — Intake Assessment, Guidelines, and Report State of Missouri — Risk and Needs Assessment Scales Case Classification Matrix Structured Interview Guidelines Lucas County (Toledo), Ohio — Risk and Needs Assessments and Assessment Matrix State of Washington — Juvenile Court Pre-Screen Risk Assessment and Risk Assessment INTRODUCTION RETHINKING JUVENILE PROBATION 1 INTRODUCTION RETHINKING JUVENILE PROBATION The first edition of the Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice was intended “to promote and enhance the practice of juvenile probation as a career.” The original Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice was issued by the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in 1991. Compiled by the National Center for Juve- nile Justice under the guidance of a working group of juvenile probation professionals from across the country, the Desktop Guide has served the field well for more than a decade as a comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of juvenile probation, a handy collection of approved standards and best practices information, and a text and starting point for a widely used fundamental skills training curriculum. But a lot has changed since 1991—including the tools juvenile probation officers use every day, the research that informs and supports their practice, the political-legal atmosphere in which their work is done, and even to some extent the prevailing philosophy and ultimate goals of the profession. Accordingly, in June of 2000, a group of about 30 juvenile probation officers, supervisors, administra- tors, victim advocates, and researchers from across the country assembled in Pittsburgh to begin the work of rethinking and reshaping the Desktop Guide to meet the profession’s current needs. Like the original working group, this one was convened by the National Center for Juvenile Justice with funding from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and included prominent representatives of the three major membership groups that helped launch the first edition of the Desktop Guide—The American Probation and Parole Association, the National Juvenile Court Services Association, and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Over three days, the group not only reviewed much of what has changed in recent years—advances in knowl- edge and technique, altered demands and expecta- tions, new definitions and measures of success— but also managed to articulate the core beliefs that have remained the same. The revised Desktop Guide reflects an emerging consensus in favor of a more active, collaborative, results-oriented juve- nile probation practice. The overall purpose of the Desktop Guide is to lay out what it takes, in terms of knowledge, skills, techniques, and re- sources, to do the job of juvenile probation well. But this can’t be done without clear agreement as to what the job is—that is, what juvenile probation is for, whom it should serve, and where its responsi- bilities begin and end. After thoughtful discussion, the working group addressed these questions with a brief statement of the goals, values, and responsibilities of juvenile probation. These have served as the general principles guiding the updating of the Desktop Guide: We envision the role of juvenile probation as that of a catalyst for developing safe communities and healthy youth and families. We believe we can fulfill this role by: ! holding offenders accountable, ! building and maintaining community-based partnerships, ! implementing results-based and outcome-driven services and practices, ! advocating for and addressing the needs of victims, offenders, families, and communities, ! obtaining and sustaining sufficient resources, and ! promoting growth and development of all juvenile probation professionals. Before turning to what this vision statement affirms and embraces, it is worth taking a moment to look at what it rejects: the closed, passive, negative, and unsystematic approach that has too often character- 2 INTRODUCTION RETHINKING JUVENILE PROBATION ized traditional juvenile probation practice. In which victims of juvenile offenders are treated as intruders into the juvenile justice process. In which community interests and priorities are ignored, community contributions discouraged, and commu- nity understanding and support forfeited. In which offenders are neither expected nor enabled to do more than abide by a long list of “thou shalt not” conditions until their term of probation runs out. In which probation officers are neither encouraged nor trained to do more than passively monitor that passive compliance. And in which nobody is given responsibility for stating the uploads/S4/ njcc-desktop-guide.pdf