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01 B.P. 1515 Lom 01 (TOGO) Tel: 22 25 40 76, 90 13 44 72, email: jrsultg@gmail.com ou jrsultg@univ-lome.tg ou rechercheul@gmail.com ou essobatchana@gmail.com Conclusion : une conclusion retrace les principaux r sultats et leurs contributions. Remerciements : les remerciements suivent directement la section de la conclusion. Cette section non num rot e est utilis e pour identifier les personnes qui ont aid les auteurs dans l'accomplissement du travail pr sent et de reconna tre les sources de financement. (Remerciements des contributions techniques importantes et des sources de financement de l tude) R f rences bibliographiques (Cette section ne doit pas tre num rot e.) Essayez de s'assurer que toutes les r f rences cit es dans le texte sont galement pr sent es dans la liste des r f rences (et vice versa). vitez d'inclure des citations dans le r sum . Oscar Peterson, in full Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, (born August 15, 1925, Montreal, Quebec, Canada died December 23, 2007, Mississauga, Ontario), Canadian jazz pianist best known for his dazzling solo technique. In 1949 Peterson went to the United States, where he appeared in one of jazz promoter Norman Granz s concerts at Carnegie Hall, New York City. He was associated with Granz for most of the rest of his career, touring the world with Granz s all-star Jazz at the Philharmonic troupe vLe Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l Universit de Lom est un journal international et pluridisciplinaire qui publie des travaux de recherche r dig s en fran ais ou en anglais. Les domaines couverts par le journal incluent donc : Lettres, Langues et Arts; Sciences de l Homme et de la Soci t Sciences de l ducation et de la Formation Sciences et Technologies Administration, Sciences Juridiques et Politiques Sciences Economiques et de Gestion Sciences de l agriculture, de l alimentation et de la nutrition Sciences de la Sant Alternate titles: Klavier, pianoforte By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Sep 12, 2022 Edit History Square piano by Johann Christoph Zumpe, 1767; in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London piano See all media Key People: Ludwig van Beethoven Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Joseph Haydn Franz Schubert George Gershwin Related Topics: player piano upright piano square piano prepared piano piano olien Top Questions What is a piano? How many keys does a piano have? Who are some of the greatest pianists? Who invented the piano and when? What are piano pedals used for? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Fr d ric Chopin: Fantaisie-Impromptu piano, also called pianoforte, French piano or pianoforte, German Klavier, a keyboard musical instrument having wire strings that sound when struck by felt- covered hammers operated from a keyboard. The standard modern piano contains 88 keys and has a compass of seven full octaves plus a few keys. Learn how concert pianos are made Learn how concert pianos are madeSee all videos for this article The vibration of the strings is transmitted to a soundboard by means of a bridge over which the strings are stretched; the soundboard amplifies the sound and affects its tone quality. The hammers that strike the strings are affixed to a mechanism resting on the far ends of the keys; hammer and mechanism compose the action. The function of the mechanism is to accelerate the motion of the hammer, catch it as it rebounds from the strings, and hold it in position for the next attack. Modern hammers are covered with felt; earlier, leather was used. The modern piano has a cast-iron frame capable of withstanding the tremendous tension of the strings; early pianos had wood frames and thus could only be lightly strung. Modern pianos are therefore much louder than were those of the 18th century, an increase in loudness necessitated in part by the size of 19th-century concert halls. Of the three pedals found on most pianos, the damper pedal on the right lifts all the felt dampers above the strings, allowing them all to vibrate freely; the left pedal shifts the keyboard and action sideways to enable the hammer to strike only one of the two or three unison strings of each tenor and treble key (the bass notes are only single-strung); and the middle pedal (generally available on grand pianos but also found on some upright pianos) usually holds up the dampers only of those keys depressed when the pedal is depressed. Trumpet musical instrument. BRITANNICA QUIZ Musical Instruments Do you know your African drums? What is the name for the end of a horn that projects the sound? From the theremin to the grand piano, get in tune to the musical instruments in this quiz. Credit for priority of invention has been much disputed, but there is little doubt that it belongs to Bartolomeo Cristofori, who devised his gravecembalo col piano e forte ( harpsichord with soft and loud ) in Florence in approximately 1709. This was not the first instrument using keyboard striking action; examples of the piano principle existed as early as about 1440. Cristofori had arrived at all the essentials of the modern piano action by 1726, and it is from Cristofori s piano that the modern piano stems. The piano, made in a variety of forms, was widely popular in the mid-18th century. Preferring a lighter, less-expensive instrument with a softer touch, German piano makers perfected the square piano. When Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Muzio Clementi began to write for the piano, a distinctively pianistic style of playing and composing developed. From that point on, the piano became the preferred medium for salon music, chamber music, concerti, and song accompaniments. Giraffe-style piano, an upright piano in Biedermeier style, by Gebroeders Muller, c. 1820; in the Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands. By roughly 1860 the upright piano had virtually replaced the square piano for home use. Early upright pianos were made according to the design of upright harpsichords with the strings rising from keyboard level. They were consequently very tall, and many were made in elegant shapes. But by taking the strings down to floor level, John Isaac Hawkins made the upright shorter and more suitable for small rooms. A number of developments followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. String tension, determined at 16 tons in 1862, increased to as much as 30 tons in modern instruments. The result is a dynamic range, sostenuto (ability to sustain a tone), and tonal spectrum unknown to Fr d ric Chopin, Ludwig van Beethoven, and even Franz Liszt. A significant development in the 20th century (beginning in the 1930s) was the appearance of the electronic, or electric, piano, which relied on electroacoustic or digital methods of tone production and was heard through an amplifier and loudspeaker.See alsobarrel piano; player piano. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. dulcimer Introduction Fast Facts Related Content Media Videos Images More More Articles On This Topic Contributors Article History Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Musical Instruments dulcimer musical instrument By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Edit History dulcimer dulcimer See all media Related Topics: piano san?ur cimbalom yangqin Appalachian dulcimer dulcimer, stringed musical instrument, a version of the psaltery in which the strings are beaten with small hammers rather than plucked. European dulcimers such as the Alpine hackbrett, the Hungarian cimbalom, the Romanian ?ambal, the Greek santouri, and the Turkish and Persian san?ur, as well as the Chinese yangqin have for each note two or more metal strings stretched across a flat, usually trapezoidal sound box. They pass over one and under the other of two long bridges, sloping alternately to right and left to facilitate rapid playing with the light beaters. Dulcimers probably entered central Europe from Persia about the 15th century. Watch a woman playing the hammered dulcimer Watch a woman playing the hammered dulcimerSee all videos for this article The pianoforte is a dulcimer in which a keyboard mechanism operates the beaters. One of its immediate predecessors was the pantaleon, a 5-foot (1.5-metre) or longer dulcimer fashionable in the early 18th century. The Appalachian, or mountain, dulcimer of the United States is a narrow folk zither with three to five metal strings running over a fretted fingerboard, which is set centrally along the dulcimer s entire length. The player s right hand strums with a small stick or quill, and the left hand stops one or more strings to provide the melody. This article was most recently revised and updated by Virginia Gorlinski. 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