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. . Q, Gutc:Lt ® Complete your collection of Golden Guides<> and Golden<> Field Guides! Golden Guides Bats of the World o Bird Life o Birds o Butterflies and Moths o Casino Games o Dinosaurs o Endangered Animals o Exploring Space o Fishes o Fishing o Flowers o Fossils o Geology o Insects o Mammals o North American Indian Arts o Planets o Pond Life o Reptiles and Amphibians o Rocks and Minerals o Seashells of the World o Seashores o T he Sky Observer's Guide o Spiders and T heir Kin o Stars o Trees o Tropical Fish o Venomous Animals o Weather o Weeds o Whales and Other Marine Mammals Golden Field Guides Birds of North America Eastern Birds Reptiles of North America Rocks and Minerals Seashells of North America Skyguide Trees of North America Wildflowers of North America ISBN 0-307-24052-S 9 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS A GUIDE TO THE MORE COMMON AMERICAN SPECIES by ROBERT T. MITCHELL and HERBERT S. ZIM Illustrated by ANDRE DURENCEAU Go&fNl,· • NEW YORK 2 FOREWORD Thi s book presents a n i ntrod uction to American butter fl ies a n d moths. So n u merous a re North America n species that o n l y a bout fou r per cent have been in c l uded, but these were sel ected to i nclude the most com mo n , w i despread , i m porta nt, or u n us u a l k i nds. Special attention has been g iven to i m mature forms a n d to ra nge ma ps. Andre Du rencea u deserves o u r spec i a l tha n ks for his mag n i ficent a rt, so pa i n sta k i n g l y done. The tech n i ca l assi sta nce of Will i a m D. F i eld has a l so been i nva l u a b l e . The a u thors a re a l so grateful l y i n debted to other specia l i sts formerly or cu rrently of the S m i th son i a n Institution, espec i a l ly H. W. Copps, J. F. Gates Cla rke, Dou g l a s Ferg u so n , Ron a l d Hodges, a n d E. L. Tod d . Among n u merous others who contributed a re W. A. Anderso n , T. L. Bisse l l , J. H. Fa les, R. S. S i m mons, Richa rd S m i th, and severa l entomologists of the U.S. Forest Service. Thi s Revi sed Ed ition inc l u des recent cha nges in sci entific and com mon na mes and g eog raphica l d i stri butions, and i t stresses conservation . Robert Robbi n s o f the United States Nationa l Muse u m gave valua ble techn i ca l assi sta nce i n the section on butterflies. New a rtwork was done by Ray Skibinski. Revised Edition, 1987 R. T. M. H. S . Z. Copyright© 1987,1977, 1964 renewed 1992,1963 renewed 1991, 1962 renewed 1990 Golden Books Publishing Company, Inc., New York, New York 10106. All rights reserved. Produced in the U.S.A. No port ol this book m ay be copied or reproduced without written permission from the publisher. library of Congress Catalog Cord Number: 64·24907. ISBN 0·307·24052·5. GOlDEN BOOKS'", GOlDEN'", A GOlDEN GUIDE", and G DesignD ore trademarks of Golden Books Publishing Company, Inc. CONTENTS INTRODUCING LEPI DOPTERA Classification of Lepi doptera; life h i stori es; eggs, la rvae, pupae, adu lts; ene m i es, defenses; conservation, rearing, col lecti ng; other stud ies, bibliog raphy BUTTERFLIES Swa l lowta i l s . 2 0 Su l p h urs and Whi tes . . 30 Brush-footed Butterflies 3 8 Meta l marks Snout Butterfl ies . . Gossa mer Wings . 6 1 62 63 4 19 SKIPPERS ......... 74 MOTHS .............................. 81 Sph i n x Moths 8 2 Bagworm Moths 1 44 G i a nt S i l k Moths 95 Clearwing Moths 1 44 True S i l k Moths 1 05 Slug Caterp i l l a r Moths 1 45 Regal Moths 1 06 P l u me Moths . 1 46 Tiger Moths . 1 1 0 F l a n ne l Moths . 1 46 Ctenucha Moths 1 1 7 Leaf Rol lers . 1 46 Forester Moths . 1 1 7 Carpenterworms . 1 4 7 Dioptid Moths 1 1 7 Snout Moth s 1 48 Noctu id Moth s . 1 1 8 Co se Bearers . 1 5 0 T h e Prom inents 1 3 2 Leaf M i ners . 1 50 Tussock Moths . . 1 36 Olethreutid Moths 1 5 1 losioca m p i d s 1 3 8 Gelechiid Moths 1 5 2 Za nolids 1 39 Tineid Moths . 1 5 3 Geometers 1 40 Other Moths 153 SCIENTIFIC NAMES ... 154 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4 INTRODUCING LEPIDOPTERA Butterflies and moths are most numerous in the tropics, but temperate areas have a bountiful supply of many species. like all i nsects, they have three main body re gions (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, and one pair of antennae. Most have two pairs of wings. A few are wing less. Insects that possess certain basic structures in common are classified into large groups or orders. Butterflies and moths are mem bers of the order Lepidoptera, derived from the Greek lepidos for sca les and ptera for wings. Their sca led wings distinguish them as a g roup from all other insects. When butterflies and moths a re handled, the sca les rub off as colored powder. Under a micro scope, the colors and forms of the sca les ore a mazing. Lepidoptera is the largest order of insects next to Coleoptera (beetles). Beetles are estimated at a bout 280,000 species; Lepidoptera at 1 20,000, with a bout 10,000 species in North America. Lepidoptera is usua lly divided into three suborders: first, Jugatae, with a bout 250 primitive species that somewhat resemble caddis flies; second, frenatae, most moths; and, third, Rhopalo cera, the butterflies and skippers. The suborder Rhopa locera is divided into two super fam i lies: Papilionoidea, which incl udes 19 fa milies of butterflies, and Hesperioideo, two famil ies of skippers. Butterflies and skippers a re easy to distinguish by the shape and position of their a ntennae (pp. 19 and 7 4). The suborder Frenatae incl udes about fifty fa mil ies of North American moths. No single feature wi l l enable one to te ll a moth from a butterfly or skipper, but a fren ulum (p. 8 1 ) on the hi ndwing of most moths extends to the forewing, holding the wings together. The presence and position of simple eyes (ocel li) and leg spines, the nature moth scales S cover the ngs of all Lepidoptera in overlapping rows. Moth scales are variable, some· times "hairy." Butterfly scales are more uniform. Some1 on males, are modified into scent scales. of the antennae, and the shape and venation of the wings are used in moth identification . To make veins more visible for study, moi sten the wings with alcoho l . This g u ide employs the com mon names o f butterflies and moths for ease of use by beg i n ners. But the book closely fol lows scientific classification of Lepidoptera. The 6 fam ilies of North American butterflies as herein named are those recog nized in the collection of the U.S. National Museu m . They are then broken down into genera (pl u ral of gen us), wh ich i n turn contain one or more species. To help you follow the organ ization, but terfly fam ily names appear i n red, butterfly genera and species names in black. Because they are so n u merous, moths are dealt with mai n l y on the fam ily and species levels. Each species of Lepidoptera bears a double scientific name, such as Pieris rapae for the Cabbage Butterfly. Pieris is the name of the gen us; rapae is the species name. See pp. 154-157 for scientific names of species i l l ustrated i n th is book. 5 Ia Moth Monarch Butterfly 6 EGGS OF BUTTE RFLIES AND MOTHS LIFE HISTORIES Lepidoptera develop by a complete metamorphosis, which is characterized uploads/Geographie/ butterflies-and-moths-golden-guide-1987-pdf 1 .pdf