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FRENCH GUIDE French Guide by Hugues Françoise is licensed under a Creative Comm

FRENCH GUIDE French Guide by Hugues Françoise is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: • to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work • to Remix — to adapt the work • to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: • Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. Contact: hugues.francoise@ymail.com Table of Contents 1.Pronunciation..............................................................................................................................................3 1.1 The French alphabet............................................................................................................................3 1.2 Syllables...............................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Nasal vowels and other syllables.........................................................................................................3 2.The essentials.............................................................................................................................................4 2.1 Definite articles.....................................................................................................................................4 2.2 Indefinite articles..................................................................................................................................5 2.3 Personal pronouns...............................................................................................................................5 2.4 Être, avoir, aller and faire.....................................................................................................................6 3.First sentences............................................................................................................................................7 3.1 Affirmative form....................................................................................................................................7 3.2 Negative form (ne... pas)......................................................................................................................7 3.3 Interrogative form.................................................................................................................................8 3.4 Some examples....................................................................................................................................8 4.Improve your sentences.............................................................................................................................9 4.1 Agreements..........................................................................................................................................9 4.2 Demonstrative adjectives.....................................................................................................................9 4.3 Possessive adjectives........................................................................................................................10 4.4 Belongings ('s)....................................................................................................................................10 4.5 Adverbs of location.............................................................................................................................11 4.6 Another useful expression..................................................................................................................11 4.7 Tonic pronouns...................................................................................................................................12 5.Present tense.............................................................................................................................................13 5.1 About the present...............................................................................................................................13 5.2 First group..........................................................................................................................................13 5.3 Second group.....................................................................................................................................14 5.4 Third group.........................................................................................................................................15 6.Future tense...............................................................................................................................................17 6.1 About the future..................................................................................................................................17 6.2 The close future..................................................................................................................................18 November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 2/30 7.Past tense: passé composé.....................................................................................................................18 7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................18 7.2 The past participle..............................................................................................................................18 7.3 The auxiliary verb être........................................................................................................................19 8.Past tense: imparfait.................................................................................................................................19 8.1 What is it? When to use ?..................................................................................................................19 8.2 Conjugation........................................................................................................................................20 9.Two verbs in a row?..................................................................................................................................20 10.Pronominal verbs....................................................................................................................................21 10.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................21 10.2 How to use them ?...........................................................................................................................21 11.Object pronouns: le or lui, les or leur?.................................................................................................23 11.1 What object pronouns are................................................................................................................23 11.2 Direct or indirect?.............................................................................................................................23 12.How to ask questions?...........................................................................................................................24 12.1 Combien, quand, où, comment, pourquoi, qui.................................................................................24 12.2 Qu'est-ce que and quel....................................................................................................................25 13.Date and time...........................................................................................................................................26 13.1 Date..................................................................................................................................................26 13.2 Time..................................................................................................................................................27 14.List of the 125 most useful verbs..........................................................................................................28 15.How to count in French? ......................................................................................................................30 November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 3/30 1. Pronunciation 1.1 The French alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Be careful, the J and G are confusing (they sound the opposite in French). 1.2 Syllables B C D F G H J K L M N P R S T V W X Z A E I O U • The C letter can have a cedilla with the following vowels: A, O, U in order to create the sound S: → Français, déçu, etc. • Both C and G are pronounced differently depending on the following vowel: → garage, magie, guitare, langage, langue, gustation, magot, cageot, etc. → Canada, cochon, cube, merci, glace, etc. 1.3 Nasal vowels and other syllables Here are the three nasal vowels and a few tricky sounds that you will enjoy trying to pronounce. on en un oin ien oi Below are pretty much the same sounds with different spellings om em ain / / / / an ein / / / / am aim / / / / / in / / / November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 4/30 • Let's practice, now! non faim nombre point ancien pourquoi daim dans enfin gens gamin Canadien serein jambon marron 2. The essentials 2.1 Definite articles In English, nouns do not have a gender. Therefore, there is just one definite article: the. In French, each noun has a gender, which can be masculine or feminine. Therefore, there are two different definite articles in singular; however, there is just one article in plural. English Masculine Feminine Plural the le la les • Some masculine words Le chat, le chien, le restaurant, le livre, le fromage, le vin... • Some feminine words La table, la chaise, la voiture, la maison, la cuisine, la boulangerie... • Some plural words (same words) Les chats, les chiens, les restaurants, les livres, les fromages, les vins, les tables, les chaises, les voitures, les maisons, les cuisines, les boulangeries... You will not be able to intuitively know whether a noun is feminine or masculine. The only way to know it is to learn it. ! If the noun begins with a vowel or a mute h, the definite article le or la will be changed into l' La école → l'école ; le arbre → l'arbre ; le hiver → l'hiver ; la heure → l'heure, etc. November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 5/30 2.2 Indefinite articles The singular indefinite articles in French correspond to a, an, one, and the plural corresponds to some. English Masculine Feminine Plural a / some un une des • Some masculine words Un homme, un garçon, un appartement, un croissant, un hôtel, un arbre, un voyage, un dessert... • Some feminine words Une femme, une fille, une télévision, une fleur, une baguette... • Some plural words (same words) Des hommes, des garçons, des appartements, des croissants, des hôtels, des arbres, des voyages, des amis, des femmes, des filles, des télévisions, des fleurs, des baguettes... 2.3 Personal pronouns English French Comment Singular I je - same meaning - je becomes j' before a vowel you tu - same meaning - vous replaces tu in polite form he, she, it, one il, elle, on - on is an informal we and sometimes means one Plural we nous - same meaning you vous - same meaning in plural (but is also a polite form) they ils, elles - depends on the gender. If both → masculine (ils) ! Tu and vous are very different. You should use: • tu with people you are close to (family, friends, young people, etc.) • vous to someone you do not know or who you should be respectful to When in doubt, just use vous. November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 6/30 2.4 Être, avoir, aller and faire Now, let us conjugate our first 4 verbs in the present tense. être English French I am je suis you are tu es he/she/it/one is il/elle/on est we are nous sommes you are vous êtes they are ils/elles sont avoir English French I have j'ai you have tu as he has il a we have nous avons you have vous avez they have ils ont aller English French I go je vais you go tu vas he goes il va we go nous allons you go vous allez they go ils vont faire English French I do je fais you do tu fais he does il fait we do nous faisons you do vous faites they do ils font Those verbs are irregular and you really need to learn them by heart. • Être and avoir will be used very frequently in some past tenses • Aller and faire are also inevitable. November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 7/30 3. First sentences 3.1 Affirmative form You build a simple French sentence as you would in English: subject + verb + rest of sentence. Subject Verb Rest of sentence je suis Canadien il a un chien Nous sommes Canadiens. Tu as une grande maison. Il a un chien. Vous avez froid. Elles sont à l'hôtel. Nous avons chaud. La baguette est très bonne. Elle va à la boulangerie. Je suis à Ottawa. Ils ont un petit chat. 3.2 Negative form (ne... pas) From the affirmative form, just add ne1 before the verb and pas after: Affirmative form Negative form Nous sommes Canadiens. Nous ne sommes pas Canadiens. Ils vont à Paris. Ils ne vont pas à Paris. Vous faites un gâteau. Vous ne faites pas de 2 gâteau. Elle a une voiture. Elle n'a pas de voiture. You can also use these other negative forms: ne... plus (no longer) and ne... jamais (never): • Je suis fatigué. → je ne suis pas fatigué. → je ne suis plus fatigué. → je ne suis jamais fatigué. • Vous avez une voiture. → Vous n'avez pas de livre. → Vous n'avez plus de livre. → Vous n'avez jamais de livre. 1 As usual, ne becomes n' before a vowel. 2 This is more advanced: in the negative forms, indefinite articles (un, une, des, du) are changed into de November 29, 2013 Hugues Françoise - French Guide for Beginners 8/30 3.3 Interrogative form There are different ways to ask questions. You can either3: • add est-ce que4 at the beginning of the sentence (highly recommended to beginners): Affirmative form Interrogative form Vous allez à Montréal. Est-ce que vous allez à Montréal ? Ils sont Français. Est-ce qu'ils sont Français ? Tu as un chat. Est-ce que tu as un chat ? Elle fait la cuisine. Est-ce qu'elle fait la cuisine ? • use the affirmative form and change nothing but the tone (less formal): Elle est Française ? Tu es fatigué ? Vous avez une voiture ? Il a un petit appartement ? Ils ont un chien uploads/Geographie/ french-guide-pdf.pdf