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SINT Srl ONE STEP AHEAD XGSLab™ THE STATE OF THE ART OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIM

SINT Srl ONE STEP AHEAD XGSLab™ THE STATE OF THE ART OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION FOR POWER, GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS USER’S GUIDE SINT Srl User Guide XGSLab Rel 9.6.1.doc Page 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION FOR POWER, GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS 1995 – 2021 (Release 9.6.1 - 02/21) USER’S GUIDE All Rights Reserved This document, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose without the written permission of SINT Srl. SINT Srl reserves the right to revise and improve its products as it sees fit. This document describes the state of this product at the time of its publication, and may not reflect the product at all times in the future. The software described in this document is delivered under license agreement. SINT Srl - Via Cristoforo Colombo, 106 - 36061, Bassano del Grappa (VI) – Italy (www.xgslab.com) Possession or use of the XGSLab software is authorized only pursuant to a valid written license agreement from SINT Srl. Before using XGSLab please read the document “General Licensing Conditions“. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this User’s Guide, SINT Srl assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Trademarks Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. SINT Srl shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk. Google Earth is a registered trademark of Google. Other Trademarks are used in this document in an editorial fashion with non intention of infringement. All trademarks are the legal property of their registered owners. SINT Srl User Guide XGSLab Rel 9.6.1.doc Page 4 REVISION RECORD Date Release Note October 2012 4.0.1 New module GSA September 2014 5.0.1 New module GSA_FD March 2015 6.0.1 New module XGSA_FD March 2017 7.0.1 New module XGSA_TD July 2017 8.0.1 Multilayer Soil Model November 2017 8.1.1 IEC Standard February 2018 8.2.1 Low Frequency Breakdown Solution + Draw Tools April 2018 8.3.1 Higher Robustness Calculation Algorithms + Graphical Outputs January 2019 8.3.2 General improvements + New module NETS predisposition February 2019 9.0.1 New module NETS June 2019 9.1.1 Zig-Zag Transformer + Pipe Type Cable + Fragmentation Rules September 2019 9.2.1 XGSA_TD extended to 100 MHz + Corona Effect Tool November 2019 9.3.1 General improvements March 2020 9.4.1 Increasing in computing speed + Imperial Units July 2020 9.5.1 Seasonal Analysis + Export to Google EarthTM February 2021 9.6.1 Libraries refactoring + New viewer based on OpenGL SINT Srl User Guide XGSLab Rel 9.6.1.doc Page 5 FOREWORD XGSLab history began about in 1990. The first version of the GSA module was written in FORTRAN language in the years 1995 ÷ 1997. For more than ten years GSA has been used for professional consultancy and for publications. In 2006 GSA has ben rewritten in C and in 2007 the first commercial version of GSA was developed. In the years 2007 ÷ 2013 GSA has become one of the most popular grounding software in Europe, with several clients (universities and companies) worldwide. At the same time, customers’ requests have grown and it has become evident the need for a more powerful tool. In the years 2012 ÷ 2014 was developed the first commercial version of the module GSA_FD. At the end of 2014 GSA and GSA_FD were unified in the XGSLab program. In 2015 was added the XGSA_FD module. At the beginning of 2017 was added the module XGSA_TD. In 2017 the multilayer soil model has been implemented. The implemented algorithm is powerful and accurate and allows calculations with an arbitrary layers number. In 2018 was added the module NETS. The modules GSA, GSA_FD, XGSA_FD and XGSA_FD are based on a full wave solver of Maxwell equations in the presence of a conducting layered half space taking into account Green functions and Sommerfeld integrals. This powerful solver has been implemented using a numerical method known as PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit), and allows to simulate systems of conductors integrated with circuit components like generators and impedances. The module NETS uses a solver of electrical networks based on circuit theory and Kirchhoff laws for multi-conductors and multi-phase systems. This solver has been implemented using a numerical method known as PCM (Phase Component Method). Most people know that the electromagnetic fields are governed by a set of experimental laws known as Maxwell equations and circuit are governed by the Kirchhoff laws. But on the other hand, not many people know about the fundamental studies carried out by Green and Sommerfeld, about the Fourier transforms, and on the discoveries made by Ferraris, Carson, Schelkunoff and many other scientists and engineers. G. Green studied the solution of inhomogeneous differential equations and the so called Green functions are fundamental solutions of these equations satisfying homogeneous boundary conditions. For instance, the Green functions can be used as solutions of the Laplace equation that governs the scalar potential in a uniform or stratified propagation medium in quasi-static conditions. XGSLab uses the Green functions for the calculation of the scalar potential in the multilayer soil model. A.J.W. Sommerfeld studied the earth reaction to the electromagnetic field and the rigorous solutions of the half space problem are known as Sommerfeld integrals, XGSLab implemented the Sommerfeld integrals for the calculation of the vector potential of horizontal or vertical electric dipoles. Without Green and Sommerfeld studies would not have been possible to develop XGSLab. Furthermore, the calculation in the time domain have been made possible by using the Fourier transforms. Fourier transforms allow moving from the time domain and vice versa. SINT Srl User Guide XGSLab Rel 9.6.1.doc Page 6 G. Ferraris was one of the pioneers of AC power systems and an inventor of the multi phase power transmission systems, induction motor and alternator, some of the greatest inventions of all ages. Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (Auxerre 1768 – Paris 1830) George Green (Nottingham 1793 – Nottingham 1841) Gustav Robert Kirkhhoff (Konisberg 1824 – Berlin 1887) James Clerk Maxwell (Edinburgh 1831 – Cambridge 1879) Galileo Ferraris (Livorno 1847 – Torino 1897) Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (Konigsberg 1868 – Munich 1951) John Renshaw Carson (Pittsburgh 1886 – New Hope 1940) Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff (Samara 1897 – Hightstown 1992) It is also important to be grateful to the scientists and engineers that have works in this field of research as for instance J.R. Carson (1886), S.A. Schelkunoff (1897), J.R. Wait (1924) and E.D. Sunde (1927). Of course, XGSLab is based on the works of other scientists and mathematicians as for instance I. Newton (1643), L. Euler (1707) and J.F.C. Gauss (1777) and many others that in more recent times have improved the scientific computing. Nowadays, XGSLab is one of the most powerful software of electromagnetic simulation for power, grounding and lightning protection systems. As always, in the future XGSLab will be updated and improved day by day. We will try to make XGSLab grow while maintaining its ease of use, a feature much appreciated by Clients. As usual, we will continue to consider the suggestions of the many Clients in the world. Everything possible will be done to enhance user friendliness and to increase the XGSLab productivity. Moreover, the cooperation with Universities all around the world will be boosted. Roberto Andolfato, PEng PhD SINT Srl User Guide XGSLab Rel 9.6.1.doc Page 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – GETTING STARTED................................................................................................................................. 10 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. GENERAL CONVENTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 SYSTEM OF UNITS .............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.2 MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS ................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3 MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 PHYSICAL SYMBOLS........................................................................................................................................... 17 2.5 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.6 TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................... 21 3. GENERAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 APPLICATION LIMITS .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 APPLICATION CONTRAINTS ............................................................................................................................... 27 3.3 THE USER INTERFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 NUMERICAL FORMAT ......................................................................................................................................... 31 3.5 DATA FORMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 3.6 GRAPHICAL AND RESULTS FORMS .................................................................................................................. 33 3.7 XGL VIEWER ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.8 XGL CAD ............................................................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 2 – MENU OPTIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 37 4. FILE............................................................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 4.1.1 START PAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 NEW.............................................................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.3 OPEN ............................................................................................................................................................ 39 4.1.4 CLOSE .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.5 SAVE ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 4.1.6 SAVE AS... .................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.7 SETTINGS .................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.8 UNLOCK AND OPEN ................................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.9 CLEAR .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.10 EXIT ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2 MACRO ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.2.1 SCHEDULING .............................................................................................................................................. 44 4.2.2 COMPUTE .................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.3 CANCEL ....................................................................................................................................................... 45 5. PROJECT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 45 5.1 MODULE ............................................................................................................................................................... 45 5.1.1 GSA .............................................................................................................................................................. 46 5.1.2 GSA_FD ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 5.1.3 XGSA_FD ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.4 XGSA_TD ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.5 NETS ............................................................................................................................................................ 46 5.2 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 46 5.2.1 PROJECT INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 46 5.2.2 REFERENCE STANDARD ........................................................................................................................... 47 5.3 WAVEFORM ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 5.3.1 SINUSOIDAL ................................................................................................................................................ 49 5.3.2 TRANSIENT (FA) .......................................................................................................................................... 49 5.4 SOIL ...................................................................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.1 SOIL RESISTIVITY ANALYSIS (SRA) .......................................................................................................... 60 5.4.2 SEASONAL ANALYSIS (SA) ........................................................................................................................ 77 5.5 DATA FOR *GSA* ................................................................................................................................................. 82 5.5.1 LAYOUT DATA ............................................................................................................................................. 82 5.5.2 PHYSICAL DATA .......................................................................................................................................... 92 5.5.3 ELECTRICAL DATA uploads/Geographie/ xgslab-userguide.pdf