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© 2017 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by

© 2017 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria CMY1501/1/2018–2025 70619298 InDesign CMY-STYLE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Contents ORIENTATION (v) Revised by Prof FJW Herbig THEME 1: WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY? 1 Learning unit 1.1: What is criminology about? 3 Learning unit 1.2: Schools of thought in criminology 17 THEME 2: CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA 41 Learning unit 2.1: The classification and measurement of crime 44 Learning unit 2.2: Official and unofficial sources of crime information 59 THEME 3: INDIVIDUALS IN THE CRIME SITUATION 73 Learning unit 3.1: The criminal: a general profile 75 Learning unit 3.2: The criminal: needs and motives for criminal behaviour 90 Learning unit 3.3: Risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour 111 THEME 4: EXPLANATION OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR 133 Learning unit 4.1: Individual-oriented perspectives on the causes of crime 136 Learning unit 4.2: Milieu-related causes of criminal behaviour 163 Learning unit 4.3: Application of theory 178 Learning unit 4.4: Explanation of crime 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY 198 (iii) (iv) Orientation MODULE DIAGRAM INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY : CRIME, OFFENDERS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR THEME 1: WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY? 2THEME 2: CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA 3THEME 3: INDIVIDUALS IN THE CRIME SITUATION 4THEME 4: EXPLANATION OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR Orientation 5NB: Start your study of Module CMY1501 by reading T utorial Letters CMY101 and KRMALLR for this course. 6A hearty welcome to the module Introduction to Criminology: Crime, offenders and criminal behaviour. We hope you will find the course interesting, stimulating and informative. The focus of the subject matter is very topical at local, national and international levels. We trust that you will not only pass the course, but also find it useful in the professional world and your daily life. Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any problems with or questions about the course. PLEASE NOTE 7The terms ‘‘criminal’’ and ‘‘offender’’ are used interchangeably in this study guide. The study guide approaches the subject from two perspectives. Firstly, a practical- functional or pragmatic approach to the objectives of criminology, which assumes that the subject must relate to or take account of the needs of a community. This means that our primary aim is to make information available to you in such a way that you consider it critically and systematically in order to develop better insight into and understanding of the phenomenon of crime. A secondary aim is to teach you the contextual problem solving that arises from applying acquired knowledge and insight. 8The principles of curriculum design identified in the 1996 Curriculum Framework (CDWG 1996:11–16) remind us that outcomes-based curriculum development must contribute to, among other things: 1) learner-centredness; 2) the development of human resources by promoting continued (ongoing) learning and the application and development of new knowledge and skills; 3) an integrated approach that rejects the rigid division between academic and applied knowledge, theory and practice and knowledge and skills; 4) lifelong learning; 5) critical and creative thinking; 6) nation building and non-discrimination; 7) national credibility; and 8) quality assurance. 9The object of the course 10The object of this course is to accompany and guide you as you acquire knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon being studied; as you form attitudes and values, and as you acquire general and specific skills. In order to expand your idea of criminology , we will help you to become more closely acquainted with – the field of study and the schools of thought in criminology – the crime problem – offenders (the people in the crime situation) – criminal behaviour (causes and explanations) 11In the process we would like to help you to think holistically about the subject and the various schools of thought on criminology as they are manifested in South Africa and on the continent of Africa, as well as throughout the world (i.e. a worldwide [global] context). (vi) Orientation 12T o enable you to form views and values, we want to encourage you to take an active interest in the topic as it is reflected daily in the media. The Department of Criminology and Security Science would like to encourage all criminology students, in the spirit of rhizomatic learning (i.e. embracing an eclectic view of the criminological landscape), to, as learning progresses and knowledge becomes more embedded, dismantle disciplinary boundaries wherever they stifle innovative and critical thinking. 13Our aim is to make you aware of crime as a phenomenon and to help you develop a responsible attitude towards its prevention by using criminological knowledge and related skills. 14We would like to encourage you to become actively involved in and committed to searching for solutions to local, regional and national crime and related problems. In our approach to offenders, we try to point out to you the principle of the causes and effects of behaviour . We try to inculcate in you an understanding and humaneness by encouraging you to take an interest in the country’s crime problems and to be sympathetic towards crime victims and their circumstances. The subject matter is presented in a way that strongly emphasises respect for everybody’s right to equality . Drawing attention to crime as a prejudicial (injurious) phenomenon naturally focuses on a comprehensive system that includes law-abiding values such as honesty , orderliness, a sense of duty , healthy interpersonal relations, good citizenship and freedom. 15It is essential that you acquire the skills needed to master the course. For this, you need to develop reading and study (learning) skills. We will introduce you to the basic concepts of the subject so that you can develop the communicative thinking and social skills necessary to explore and discuss criminological topics ranging from local to international level. In this way we want to develop your ability to argue and, in so doing, to expand your field of experience by drawing simple conclusions and forming new opinions. We want to teach you to observe (by reading the study guide and being sensitive to crime-related issues in the media and your everyday environment), collect, summarise and arrange information into a meaningful and coherent whole (by writing paragraphs in the self-assessment exercises and Assignment 03). 16Outcomes-based outputs 17The preceding discussion on the aim of the course is linked to particular critical (generally formative) and specific (developmental) outcomes or intended results of learning (in terms of knowledge, values and skills) that have to be achieved. 18Critical outcomes 19After completing the CMY1501 course, you should have acquired the following critical learning outcomes: – Criminological literacy. With knowledge of the basic concepts of the subject and a scientific aptitude for the crime problem as well as the offender’s and the victim’s situation, you will be able to identify subject-related problems and develop a feeling for the way such problems can be solved by critical and creative thinking. – Global and contextual perspectives. You should be aware of local and international views on the presentation of criminology and crime trends, information (vii) and issues, as well as victim problems that contribute to establishing a micro view and a macro view of the subject matter and that stimulate holistic thinking in general. – A sense of responsibility. Independent study (i.e. studying on your own), as occurs in a distance tuition model, encourages dedication, a sense of duty and perseverance. The self-evaluation component offers you the opportunity to organise and manage learning activities in a responsible way. – Communication skills. The topical nature of the course content will encourage you to take an active interest in everyday subject-related events as portrayed in the media. This will help you to visualise course-related realities, which, in turn, will expand your field of experience so that you can draw elementary conclusions and form new opinions. This, together with the development of communication skills, will enable you to communicate meaningfully about the learning material in social conversations. At the same time, the acquisition of writing skills will help you to express your knowledge in writing. – Reading and research skills. You should be able to observe closely (information in the study guide and tutorial letters, and events in the social environment) and to collect, analyse, arrange and scientifically judge (assess) information. This will help you to examine criminological topics critically at local and international levels and, where necessary, to question them. – Cooperation in group and community context. You should uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ cmy1501-study-guide 1 .pdf