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INTRO IDS  Exam Review Wednesday, December 16 2015 Start time: 10AM || Advised

INTRO IDS  Exam Review Wednesday, December 16 2015 Start time: 10AM || Advised time: 9:30AM Duration: 3 hours Short Answers (definitions) & Essay Question(s) Perspectives on Development Key Terms ☺ Human Development Index ➔ EDUCATION + CAPITAL + HEALTH = 33% (Measure how well humans aare doing in a particular country and ranks them ☺ Gunder Franks model ➔ ☺ Black’s view on the usefulness of the concept of development ➔ ☺ Sex/Gender distinction ➔ ☺ Bruntland Report ➔ ☺ GNP (define, measure of well-being ➔ ☺ Dependency – Underdevelopment ➔ ☺ DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH (compare and contrast) ☺ Development ☺ Economic Growth o Increase in money  increase in standard of living o We can infer well-being based on the economy o TRENDS IN UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT (compare and contrast) GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GNP per capita (define, measure of wellbeing) BLACK’S VIEW N THE USEFULNESS OF THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT MODERNIZATION vs DEPENDENCY THEORY (main propositions, strengths, weak- nesses) ☺ Modernization o Strengths  centrality of culture, internal/social relations as causes o Weaknesses  neglects structural factors, ignored external constraints. Euro-cen- tric view (believing all that is western is superior), “blame the victim approach” ☺ Dependency o Strengths  historical perspective, relational approach (holistic), structures of de- pendency o Weaknesses  simplifies center-periphery relations, neglects culture and internal factors, accepts western notions of development PARSON’S VIEW OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL SOCEITIES (compare and con- trast) ☺ social roles (expectations and behavior)  principles of social organization (values of what institutions should do) TRADITIONAL MODERN Expressive/emotional (what does this mean??) Instrumental/goal achievement Status based on ascription (who you are, what you are born into) Status based on achievement (what you do) Difusion – social relations overlap (ex family and work) Specificity of relationships (ex: friends from work) Particularism – loyalty to groups over state/na- tion/society Universalism of Laws/Rights – loyalty to nations and state Collectivist – shares interests take importance over individual needs Individualistic (do what I want) ☺ ☺ GUNDER FRANK’S MODEL OF METROPOLES AND SATELLITES Metropole-Satellite ☺ Countries that control trade ☺ Oxford dictionary – “the parent state or mother city of another colony, aka a mother country” ☺ Capital modernization as a main problem ☺ Centre-periphery ☺ Core receives resources from other satellites for its growth – highly exploitative DEPENDENCY AND INTER DEPENDENCY (compare and contrast) DEPENDENCY, UNDERDEVELOPMENT ☺ SEX AND GENDER DISTINCTION ☺ Sex is a biological difference - male & female - boy & girl o What we believe we are “born with” at the time of birth o women can give birth vs men produce sperm ☺ GENDER has a cultural and social meaning o Ties in gender norms o Masculinity and femininity o Social relations between men and women o Roles = Behavioral expectations (think of traditional societies vs modern societies – patriarchal system) o Men and women ☺ Discussed on the Gender in Development (GAD) perspective GENDER BLINDNESS ☺ Simply – turn a blind eye to one’s gender (not part of decision making) ☺ Gender blind approach ☺ Failure to recognize gender is important in social outcome (eg building an dam/infra- structure without thinking of how it affects women??) ☺ Gender blindness assigns gender is not important influencing ☺ It became more prominent in the 1980’s ☺ Importance: GENDER AS A DEVELOPMENT ISSUE Background… ☺ 75 – 80% of the worlds 27 million refugees are women and children ☺ 66% of ilterate adults are women ☺ Women hold only 11.7% of seats in the World’s parliament – meaning low participation in political issues ☺ Only 7/185 high ranking diplomats of the UN are women ☺ In third world countries, some women can’t buy or sell property – still need permission from spouses ☺ 800 women die from preventable causes relating to child birth ☺ 99% of maternal death occurs in 3rd World – more likely to occur in rural areas ☺ Preference of sons still exists o For every 100 boys there are 95 girls o 90 million women missing if trend continues o Ultrasounds used as a weapon to select sex of a child and abort when disliked o $35 for abortion and $3800 for a dowry ☺ Women are seen as a liability o Raising a daughter is seen as “watering your neighbors garden” – paying for daughter to get married into another family o Even in Canada, the father of the Bride is expected to pay for the wedding ☺ Gender affects what we become in life (health care, job, policies…) ☺ MAIN POINTS o Development policies are not gender neutral o Gender policies affect men and women differently (go to textbook case study around pg 92 – 95) o Governments need to ask if policies affect both men and women ▪ Eg. Cutbacks of the last 20 years (these affect women more than men) • Cuts to heath care, education etc • Close a day care to save money • Cut free meals/subsidies for poor families • Women play a critical role in: o How the global south copes with poverty o Group of families chip in to get better food prices by buy- ing through wholesale o Collective organizing for agricultural production Therefore… o Policy makes assume if resources are taken from a community, women will step up for free and fill the role of the govt o Cultural assumption is that women will step up and cope in poor communities o Women may have their own jobs but have a lot of responsibilities o Policy example: Land Reform ▪ In poor countries, a solution is to give lands to peasants to grow food and sell surplus ▪ But… • Land titles are given to the men (not always the best idea) be- cause men exercise power over females and may not share in- come sufficiently o Sometimes income that comes through women is still controlled by men (if debt is acquire, women take responsibility) GENDER / CLASS ETHNICITY (discuss interconnection) ☺ Relation between women of the third-world has a hierarchal system – not homogenous ☺ Women from different classes experienced inequalities differently (think of women from higher classes vs those from lower class) ☺ Black women (63 cents) earn less than white women and latin (56 cents) women earn even lower every $1 a man makes ☺ All women share the experience of oppression but very differently depending on class, race, ethnicity, religion o Caste system o Women who hire domestic maids ☺ Ex: domestic labour in the 3rd world – upper class women higher poor women as maids (internal oppression in gender) ☺ Poor women work as maids and exploited by other class – face double work (look after their family and another) ☺ If you’re a rich and oppressed women, you can get over it by hiring someone else ☺ Gender mainstreaming o Making sure women and men have equal access to and control over resources, development, benefits and decision making at a stages of development projects, programs and policies COMPARE AND CONTRAST WID vs GAD ☺ WID o Women don’t equally benefit and participate in development planning and poli- cies o Push for legal, economically, political, sexual and social equality o Problem: exclusion of women from development o Solution: incorporate women in development o Weakness ▪ :need for women to enter work force to gain liberation (what they give to development not how development can help them ▪ Leads to oppression and embraces modernity ▪ the WID perspective has several points of criticism where it lacks the re- sources to solve the endemic problems deeply rooted in the cultures of many developing countries such as inequalities in the private sector of so- ciety ▪ For one, the perspective is said to be insufficient in understanding gen- der relations and structures in everyday institution such as the family and the responsibilities distributed between men and women (Martinez et al., 2009, p.94). • Does not look at social relations in different societies (problem is not homogenous) ☺ GAD o Focuses on the inequalities in social relations between women and men o the Gender in Development perspective goes to the root of the problem by ana- lyzing gender structures, figuring out how these structures hinder development and taking it a step further through modifying inequitable relations. o Women are not a homogenous group (problems differ – women in the north and south face different problems) o A more holistic approach o Problem: inequality in gender relations o Solutions: challenge and change in social structures and gender relations BRUTLAND REPORT Thus power differences are KEY ☺ Bruntland report gap in power and resources… ☺ World Commission on Environment and Development (a UN-sponsored body) report which proposes a 'global agenda for change' and specifies how sustainable development can be achieved (defined sustainable development) ☺ “The planet’s main environmental problem” (1987:6) ☺ “It is futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspec- tive that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality” (1987; uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ exam-study-guide 1 .pdf