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eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology UCLA Peer Reviewed Title: Philae Author: Kockelmann, Holger, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Publication Date: 2012 Series: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Publication Info: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UCLA Permalink: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1456t8bn Keywords: temple complex, Isis, cult, Nubia, Mandulis, island, Geography, Egyptology, Near Eastern Cultures Local Identifier: nelc_uee_8490 Abstract: The island of Philae, located amid the First Cataract some 7 kilometers south of modern Aswan, housed an ancient settlement and one of the most extensive and best preserved temple complexes of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. Together with the abaton on the neighboring island of Biga, Philae was the most important cultic center of Isis and Osiris in Upper Egypt and Nubia. According to the ground plan published by Lyons in 1896, the island measured c. 385 meters in length (orientated south-north) and c. 176 meters in width. Today it is submerged in the lake between the first Aswan Dam and the modern Aswan High Dam. For their preservation, the monuments of Philae were transferred to the nearby island of Agilkia. Supporting material: Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure Captions Copyright Information: PHILAE فيلة Holger Kockelmann EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Geography University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Kockelmann, 2012, Philae. UEE. Full Citation: Kockelmann, Holger, 2012, Philae. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002bwv5j 8490 Version 1, April 2012 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002bwv5j Philae, Kockelmann, UEE 2012 1 PHILAE فيلة Holger Kockelmann Philae Philae The island of Philae, located amid the First Cataract some 7 kilometers south of modern Aswan, housed an ancient settlement and one of the most extensive and best preserved temple complexes of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. Together with the abaton on the neighboring island of Biga, Philae was the most important cultic center of Isis and Osiris in Upper Egypt and Nubia. According to the ground plan published by Lyons in 1896, the island measured c. 385 meters in length (orientated south-north) and c. 176 meters in width. Today it is submerged in the lake between the first Aswan Dam and the modern Aswan High Dam. For their preservation, the monuments of Philae were transferred to the nearby island of Agilkia. تقع جزيرة فيلة في منتصف الشالل األول بالنيل حوالي سبعة كيلومترات جنوب مدينة أسوان الحالية ، وتضم مستوطنة قديمة باإلضافة الي واحد من أكبر وأفضل معابد العصر البطلمي والروماني حفظا. قديما أعتبر كال من فيلة و»األباتون« )(أي المكان الخفي الواقع بجزيرة بيجا المجاورة لها أحد أهم مراكز عبادة إيزيس وأوزوريس بمصر العل يا والنوبة. طبقاً للخريطة التي نشرها ليون عام6981م ، بلغت مساحة الجزيرة حوالي593 متر طوالً بإتجاه شمال جنوب، وباتساع671 متر عرضاً. حالياً الجزيرة غارقة في البحيرة الممتدة فيما بين سد أسوان القديم والسد العالي، وللحفاظ علي آثارها وحمايتها من الغرق تم نقل .ثار جزيرة فيلة إلي جزيرة أجيليكيا المجاورة he Egyptian denomination of Philae, (PA-)Jrk (Coptic pilak, pilakx, Arabic بالق; Timm 1984: 392), is attested from the 30th Dynasty (Nectanebo I) onward, unlike the abaton (jw- wab) on the neighboring island of Biga, attested since the 26th Dynasty (see Hölbl 2004: 41 and below; there is no reason to regard jw-wab as the ancient name of Philae as Kadry 1980: 297 did). Before the 30th Dynasty, Philae island may have been called “Takompso” (Winter 1982: 1025). The meaning of (PA-)Jrk, which is probably of Nubian origin, remains obscure. In the Roman Period, local priests interpreted this toponym as PA-jw-rk, “the island of time” or “the island of the past” (Kákosy 1968). Phonetically, the Greek denomination Φίλαι (Calderini and Daris 1987: 79; Latin “Philae”) takes account of the Egyptian term “Pilak” (Hölbl 2004: 41; Locher 1999: 121 - 128); it is explained by classical authors as “(fem.) friends” or “friendship” (Dijkstra 2008: 142; Rutherford 1998: 233). Monuments The island of Philae was 385 meters long (orientated south-north) and 176 meters wide T Philae, Kockelmann, UEE 2012 2 Figure 1. Plan of Philae island, the letter designation follows Lyons A. Gate of Nectanebo/1st Pylon G. Temple of Hathor M. Great Temple of Isis R. Gate of Diocletian B. Temple of Arensnuphis I. “Gate of Hadrian” O. Temple of Harendotes Y. Eastern Colonnade D. Chapel of Mandulis K. Kiosk of Trajan P. Western Church Z. Western Colonnade F. Temple of Imhotep L. Prostyle Temple Augustus Q. Eastern Church Philae, Kockelmann, UEE 2012 3 Figure 2. The temples of Philae at their new location on Agilkia island seen from the southeast. according to the ground plan published by Lyons in 1896 (the scale of this plan is 1:533, not 1:600 as stated on the plan itself; for further details, see Aegaron metadata). Philae in its original location, when the island had not been flooded by the water level rise that was the effect of the first Aswan Dam, comprised more than a dozen still- standing monuments dating from the end of the Late Period to Christian times. At least two-thirds of the temple buildings were constructed and decorated during the Ptolemaic era. Most of the remaining third derives from the time of Augustus to Nero. There was also a Meroitic contribution to the sanctuaries of Philae by Arkamani (Ergamenes) II, when Ptolemaic control of Upper Egypt was temporarily lost in the late third and early second century BCE (Winter 1981). The main building complex of Philae is the Great Temple of Isis located in the center of the island (fig. 1 “M” and fig. 2); it was erected during the third and second centuries BCE and decorated from the time of Ptolemy II onward. Apparently, Philae’s upsurge was related to Ptolemaic economic benefits, notably the endowment of the Dodekaschoinos, the southernmost province of Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt between Aswan and the Wadi Allaqi, forming an approximately 75 mile (12 schoenoi) long border region along the Nile (Dietze 1994: 69; Hölbl 1994: 78 - 79, 166; Locher 1999: 152). The plan to promote the cult of Isis on Philae Figure 3. Kiosk of Nectanebo seen from the northeast. may go back to Ptolemy I (Haeny 1985: 207) or Nectanebo I (Arnold 1999: 122). The oldest still-standing temple structures derive from the reign of Nectanebo I: A gate of the Late Period temple complex of Isis (Arnold 1999: 119) was integrated into the first pylon of the Ptolemaic Isis Temple; a kiosk, restored under Ptolemy II, was reerected in the southwest corner of the island (fig. 1 “A” and fig. 3), presumably in the time between Ptolemy VIII and Ptolemy XII (Arnold 1999: 119; Dietze 1994: 72; Haeny 1985: 206; Hölbl 2004: 43). In addition, a small number of reused blocks dating to Nectanebo I’s reign have been detected (Farag et al. 1978). Close to the kiosk of Nectanebo I, the modest temple of the Nubian god Arensnuphis is located (fig. 1 “B”), erected on the remains of an older building (Arnold 1999: 178). It goes back at least to Ptolemy IV; after that king, Arkamani (Ergamenes) II (Winter 1981: 510), Ptolemy V, Ptolemy VI or VIII, and Tiberius enlarged or decorated the temple (Arnold 1999: 190; Haeny 1985: 220 - 221; Winter 1982: 1022). The sanctuary of Arensnuphis, who had a cult association on the island (Locher 1999: 138) and whose worship is rarely attested further north (Chauveau 1995: 254 commentary on no. 130), is a tribute to the Nubian-Egyptian cultural environment in which Philae is embedded. To the north lies the large, paved, trapezoidal forecourt of the Temple of Isis Philae, Kockelmann, UEE 2012 4 Figure 4. Forecourt of the Temple of Isis with western colonnade seen from the northeast (top) and first eastern colonnade with first pylon of Isis from the southwest (bottom). Figure 5. Gate of Philadelphus from the southwest. with a nilometer (Giammarusti and Roccati 1980: 32 - 33, 72 - 73) and colonnades on either side (fig. 1 and fig. 4; Haeny 1985: 218; Jaritz 1991: 179). The court, perhaps inspired by Hellenistic public spaces (Baines 1997: 233 - 234), was created under Ptolemy VI or VIII (Hölbl 2004: 42) and destined to receive visitors during festivities (I. dem. Dakka 30, l. 7, see Griffith 1935 - 1937, Vol. 2: 29). Its colonnades with their great variety in capital types (Arnold 1999: 149) were established in Augustean time. The 77 m long western colonnade (fig. 1 “Z”) with 32 columns and 12 openings in the rear wall was decorated under Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero and served as a pronaos of the sanctuaries located on the neighboring abaton (Jaritz 1991: 185). The 42 meter long, largely unfinished first eastern colonnade (fig. 1 “Y”) uploads/Litterature/ philae.pdf