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IB Design Technology CORE Topics 1-6 Click on topic below for direct access Top

IB Design Technology CORE Topics 1-6 Click on topic below for direct access Topic 1 1.1 Anthropometrics 1.2 Psychological Factors 1.3 Physiological Factors Topic 2 2.1 Resource and reserves 2.2 Waste mitigation strategies 2.3 Energy Utilisation, Storage and Distribution Waste mitigation strategies 2.4 Clean Technologies 2.5 Green Design 2.6 Eco Design Topic 3 3.1 Conceptual modelling 3.2 Graphical modelling 3.3 Physical modelling 3.4 Computer-aided design (CAD) 3.5 Rapid prototyping Topic 4 4.1 Properties of materials 4.2a Metals and metallic alloys 4.2b Timber 4.2c Glass 4.2d Plastics 4.2e Textiles 4.2f Composites 4.3 Scales of Production 4.4 Manufacturing processes 4.5 Production systems 4.6 Robots in automated production Topic 5 5.1 Invention 5.2 Innovation 5.3 Strategies for innovation 5.4 Strategies for innovation 5.5 Product life cycle 5.6 Rogers’ characteristics of innovation and consumers 5.7 Innovation, design and marketing specifications Topic 6 6.1 Characteristics of classic design 6.2 Classic design, function and form Updated 11th May 2016- John Zobrist IB Design Technology CORE T16 Topic 1 Human Factors and Ergonomics 1.1 Anthropometrics Design is human centred and, therefore, designers need to ensure that the products they design are the right size for the user and therefore comfortable to use. Designers have access to data and drawings, which state measurements of human beings of all ages and sizes. Designers need to consider how users will interact with the product or service. Use and misuse is an important consideration. Anthropometric data sets can vary significantly between populations. Particularly in the fashion industry, the variance in these data sets impacts the size range of clothes for particular markets. Define the term ‘ Human Factors ’ The term Human Factors is used for the combination of ergonomics and anthropometrics What are the aims of Human Factors? Human Factors aims to: ● Reduce stress and fatigue on people, as they will be able to do things faster, more easily, more safely and make fewer mistakes (reduce errors) ● Increase safety ● Increase ease of use ● Enhance operational comfort ● Improve system performance, reliability and maintenance What is Ergonomics ? The application of scientific information concerning the relationship of human beings to the design of objects, systems and environments. What do we mean by the term physical ergonomics ? Give an example. Physical ergonomics most often deals with the work related subjects of: posture; worksite development operating layout; material handling; repetitive stress and movement; repetitive stress injuries and musculoskeletal disorders; and occupational safety and health. The aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements , particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity. What do we mean by the term cognitive ergonomics ? Give an example. Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. What do we mean by the term organisational ergonomics ? Give an example. Organizational ergonomics subjects include communication, work design, shift (work hours) management, crew resource management, teamwork, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management. What is Anthropometric data ? Anthropometric Data is sub-classified as Static Data and Dynamic Data . What is Structural Anthropometric data? Static Data ( also known as Structural data ) refers to measurements taken while while the subject is in a fixed or standard position, e.g. height, arm length. Static data is much easier to gather, as people are asked to remain still while measurements are taken. What is functional Anthropometric data? Dynamic Data (also known as Functional data) refers to measurements taken during physical activities, e.g. crawling height, overhead reach and a range of upper body movements. Dynamic data involves people carrying out tasks. People carry out tasks in many different ways. While static data is more reliable, dynamic data is often more useful. What tools can be used to collect Anthropometric Data? Sliding Callipers,Cloth Tape, Sitting height meters, Stadiometer Percentiles and percentile ranges Percentiles are shown in anthropometry tables and they tell you whether the measurement given in the tables relates to the 'average' person, or someone who is above or below average in a certain dimension. Page 1 IB Design Technology CORE T16 There is a great deal of anthropometric data available. You are expected to be able to: -interpret percentile tables in order to calculate dimensions related to a product and consider how products can be adaptable for different markets or adjustable to cater for most -consider the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles in particular, and percentile ranges such as 2.5th to 97.5th and 5th to 95th -interpret percentile tables based on different national and international populations, gender and age. What do we mean when we discuss clearance in Human Factors? Clearance can be seen as the minimum distance required to, enable the user group into or through an area. This is especially important when designing emergency exits and safety hatches What do we mean when we discuss reach in Human Factors? Reach is also known as the workspace envelope. A 'workspace envelope' is a 3-dimensional space within which you carry out physical work activities when you are at a fixed location. Workspace envelopes should be designed for the 5th percentile of the user population, which means that 95% of users will be able to reach everything placed within the envelope. Why does a designer need to consider adjustability when designing seating? Certain products tend to be available in different sizes or with adjustability built in as there really is no ‘one size fits all’ . E.g. Ironing tables can be adjusted to allow for people of a different height to use comfortably. This has an effect on the design of the legs, as this is how the board is adjusted in height. Explain what is meant by the range of sizes versus adjustability Clothing comes in a range of sizes. For manufacturers to make clothing fit every individual variance would not be economically possible, thus it tends to come in a range of sizes based on percentile ranges. Children’s car seats are adjustable to allow for a range of sizes and a growing child. What is an ergonome and when are they used? What are the advantages and disadvantages? A 2D scaled physical anthropometric model based on a specific percentile human forms are called ergonomes . The ergonomes have been scaled from data taken from specific percentile ranges to form a standard human form. Ergonomes are used with drawings of the same scale as the model to consider the relationship between the size of an object and people. They are used with 2D drawings, mainly for orthographic drawings and also modelling to view field of reach, field of vision, etc. What is a manikin ? What are the advantages and disadvantages? A manikin is an anatomical 3D model of the human body. A jointed model of the human body used by artists, especially to demonstrate the arrangement of drapery. Also called lay figure. They are useful for assessing the relationship of body parts to spatial arrangements represented by a 3D model, for example, a chair to a desk. Full scale manikins are generally more expensive than ergonomes and they give a better representation of the overall ergonomics in the design context (such as crash test dummies). Page 2 IB Design Technology CORE T16 1.2 Psychological Factors Human beings vary psychologically in complex ways. Any attempt by designers to classify people into groups merely results in a statement of broad principles that may or may not be relevant to the individual. Design permeates every aspect of human experience and data pertaining to what cannot be seen such as touch, taste, and smell are often expressions of opinion rather than checkable fact. The analysis of the human information processing system requires a designer to critically analyse a range of causes and effects to identify where a potential breakdown could occur and the effect it may have. What is Cognitive psycholog y / cognitive ergonomics concerned with? Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. ● mental processes- such as perception, memory and reasoning ● motor response- as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. What methods are there for collecting Psychological factor data? 1. Observation 2. Surveys & Interviews 3. Standardized Testing 4. Case Studies What is a Nominal Data Scale ? Nominal means ‘by name’ . Used in classification or division of objects into discrete groups. Each of which is identified with a name. The scale does not provide any measurement within or between the categories What is an Ordinal Data Scale ? Deals with the order or position of items. Words, letters, symbols or numbers arranged in a hierarchical order. Quantitative assessment can not be made What is a Interval data scale ? Organised into even divisions or intervals. The intervals are of equal size. There is no zero What is a Ratio data scale ? The difference between a ratio scale and an uploads/Management/ dt-revision-guide.pdf