CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN TURKEY: ANALYSIS OF CIVILIAN LEADERS MügeAknur Depa

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN TURKEY: ANALYSIS OF CIVILIAN LEADERS MügeAknur Department of Political Science McGiII University Montreal February,2005 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in Political Science ©Müge Aknur, 2005 1+1 Library and Archives Canada Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Published Heritage Branch Direction du Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada NOTICE: The author has granted a non- exclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, communicate to the public by telecommunication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell th es es worldwide, for commercial or non- commercial purposes, in microform, paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright ownership and moral rights in this thesis. Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms may have been removed from this thesis. While these forms may be included in the document page count, their removal does not represent any loss of content from the thesis. • •• Canada AVIS: Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12793-7 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12793-7 L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou autres formats. L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la protection de la vie privée, quelques formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de cette thèse. Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. • Abstract This dissertation seeks to contribute to our understanding of the role played by civilian leaders in the consolidation of democracy examining changes in levels of military influence over politics. This study departs from typical military-centric civil-military relations literature by employing a civilian-centric analysis. In particular, it shows how the former's focus on changing levels of internaI threat cannot account for variations in the levels of civilian control over the military. The study instead adopts a framework that focuses on the incentive structure of civilian leaders as determined by competitive elections; the political capacity of leaders as reflected in their parliamentary majority, political experience and the effectiveness of their economic policies; and institutional rules, such as the system of government and organization of the parties. The thesis argues • that, depending on their incentive structure and political capacity, the civilian leaders will either challenge a politically powerful military or ally with that military by adopting its • preference structures. The relevance of this model for understanding civil-military relations in the aftermath of a transition to democracy is explored in the Turkish case by examining the shift from low to high levels of military influence between late 1980s and mid-1990s. The thesis identifies this shift by looking at the incentive structure and the political capacity of two civilian leaders: Prime MinisteriPresident Turgut Ozal and Prime Minister Tansu Çiller. • • • ii Résumé Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à mieux comprendre le rôle joué par certains dirigeants civils dans la consolidation d'une démocratie en examinant les changements d'influence de l'armée sur leurs politiques. Pour ce faire, on effectue une analyse civils- centrée. Ceci nous distingue notamment des ouvrages usuels utilisant une approche plutôt basée sur des analyses militaires-centrée ou militaires-civils. En particulier, notre analyse nous permet d'affirmer qu'il n'existe pas de lien direct entre le contrôle des dirigeants civils sur l'armée et de la menace interne que peut parfois poser cette dernière. Notre étude se concentre plus spécifiquement sur les incitatifs déterminés par les dirigeants civils lors de la tenue d'élection serrée; la capacité des dirigeants politiques selon leur majorité parlementaire, l'expérience politique et le succès de leur politique économique; ainsi que les règles institutionnelles telles que le fonctionnement du gouvernement et l'organisation des partis. Notre travail tend à démontrer que dépendamment des structures incitatives présentes et leur capacité politique, les dirigeants civils vont ou bien défier un pouvoir militaire politique puissant ou bien s'allier aux militaires en adoptant une structure qui leur convient. La pertinence de ce modèle dans la compréhension des relations civils-militaires durant la période de transition vers une démocratie est explorée dans le cas de la Turquie où l'on peut examiner divers degrés d'influence de l'armée sur la période allant de la fin des années 80 jusqu'au milieu des années 90. Plus particulièrement, on étudie les mesures incitatives et la capacité politique de deux dirigeants politiques turques: le Premier Ministre/Président Turgut Ozal et le Premier Ministre Tansu Çi11er. • • • III Acknowledgements 1 am deeply grateful to many people and institutions that have supported me in so many ways over the years, enabling me ultimately to complete this dissertation. First and foremost, 1 would like to extend my special thanks to my advisor Prof. Philip Oxhorn for guiding me throughout my dissertation. He meticulously read my chapters and provided me with insightful suggestions. 1 was fortunate to be surrounded by wonderful friends throughout my years as a Ph.D. candidate. 1 would first like to extend my sincere thanks to my dearest friends Saime Ozçürümez and Tolga BOlükbasi, who were with me throughout the good times and the difficult times at McGill University. Life in Montreal was much more enjoyable with their warm friendship and support. They provided me with great advice and scholarly feedback at every step of my proposaI writing stage. 1 would also like to thank to my good, old friends Ersel Aydinli and Julie Mathews with whom 1 started my graduate life in Washington D.C. and fini shed that life in Montreal. They offered me valuable suggestions throughout my writing stage. Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu has always proven to be a reliable friend. She followed up on aIl of my bureaucratic business in Montreal during the period 1 was in Turkey. During my fieldwork, Canan and Sait Akman accommodated me in Ankara. 1 thank them aIl. 1 was able to complete part of my doctoral studies with the Turkish Higher Education Council's fellowship awarded to me by Dokuz Eylül University of Izmir, Turkey. 1 wish to thank to Professors Mete Oktav, Omür Ozmen and Mustafa Tanyeri of Dokuz Ey1ü1 University for their support and for trusting me to finish my Ph.D. 1 would • • • IV like to extend my sincere thanks to my good friends Townsend and Valerie Burden for their very generous financial help during difficult times. 1 owe a very special debt of gratitude to Prof. Théresè Marie Dougherty for acting as my "mom" throughout my graduate life in North America. 1 wish to extend my thanks to the interviewees who made time in their bus y schedules to answer my questions and shared their valuable experience and insights on Turkish politics. At the Interlibrary Loan of McLennan Library, Janice Simpkins, Maria de Souza and Elizabeth Dunkley were very helpful in aUowing me to access Turkish books from libraries across North America. During my fieldwork in Turkey, my unc1e, CelaI Yilmaz, and my aunt, Hayal Turgut provided me with the necessary connections to reach politicians and retired generals for interviews. Ayse Asker from the Research Department of the Library of the Turkish Grand National Assembly assisted with my research. Berna Yilmaz from Bilkent University helped with the archivaI research, and Jeff Cuvilier from Mc Gill University helped with the editing of the dissertation. 1 thank them aU. 1 would also like to thank my cousins ilknur Cankes for her emotional, Gürcan Yilmaz for his technical, Gülben Seber for her bureaucratic support who made my writing stage easier. Life at McGill University, with its long gray co Id winters was made much more satisfying and memorable thanks to the support 1 received from a group of marvelous friends. For that, 1 am thankful to Ozge Akçali, Gülhan Alpargu, Alain Bourget, Burkan îsgor, Asya EI-Meehy, Manal Jamal and Efe Postalci. FinaUy, 1 would like to dedicate this work to my mother Didar Yilmaz, for her love, encouragement, and unceasing support . v • Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................. .i Résumé ................................................................................................ .ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ...................................................................................... v Abbreviations ........................................................................................... viii Introduction .. ..... " ............. " ............ '" ..................................................... 1 Civil-Military Relations and the Role of the Civilian Leaders: The Turkish Case ............. 3 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ............................................................................... 7 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Civil-Military Relations and the Role of the Civilian Leaders ............................... 12 • Introduction: Civil-Military Relation from the perspective of civilian leaders ................ 12 I. uploads/Politique/ civilmilitary-relations-in-turkey-analysis-of-civilian-leaders.pdf

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