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EXPLORATION GUIDE ····n:L~i···· ,,";~)i:,'-~Si: ;' ConverseWard DavIs Dixon Dat

EXPLORATION GUIDE ····n:L~i···· ,,";~)i:,'-~Si: ;' ConverseWard DavIs Dixon Date February 9, 1980 All Employees, Grades I thru IX To and T-l thru T-IV Technicians From Schaefer J. Dixon 5 MEMORANDUM Project No. _____________ _ Subject Explorat jon Gll ide Herewith is your working draft copy of the CWDD Exploration Guide. This document is for your use while you are employed by CWDD and if employment is terminated, it shoulCl be returned to your supervisor. The Guide is for use within CWDD and should not be reproduced in whole or part for external distribution. , The Exploration Guide is intended to help provide a basis for company-wide consistency in exploration praotices. It provides information and data on techniques and tests mOst commonly used in exploration work performed by CWDD. It WaS not intended to include discussion of every exploration tool and technique available, all of the many in situ tests performed in soil and rock, construction inspection and testing methods, and laboratory testing, all of which will be the s1,lbject matter of future pUblications. This working draft is· for us!" through the remainder of 1980 and i until a final copy is issued. We would like your comments on /~how the dQcument can be improved. Instructions for submitting comments are given on page 1-1. Comments to be considered in preparation of the final copy must be submitted by December 31, 1980. If you find errors or believe something should be changed in this working draft, do not hesitate to submit your comments as soon as possible. \ {\ ., Converse Ward Davis Dixon, Inc, i \. ( 1. 2. 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . • . . EXPLORATION PLANNING 2.1 SOURCES OF PROJECT INFORMATION 2.1.1 Prior Projects 2.1.2 Published Sources • • 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.4 Publications of the U.S. Geo1goica1 Surve¥ • • . Geologic Quadrangle Maps • State Geological Survey Maps and Reports . . • • Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Reports 2.1.3 Additional Mapping 2.1.4 Aerial Photography • 2.2 PRELIMINARY SITE Rl]:CONNhISSANCE Right of Entry Documentation Site Access . . • . • • 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2 • .2.5 2 • .2.6 Si te Mobility • . . . . Support Operations Geotechnical Conditions Previous Construction • • 2.3 EXPLORATION PROGRAM •••• • • • • • • .. Page No. 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-3 '2-3 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-8 2-9 2.3.1 Selection of Exploration Methods. • 2-9 2 .. 3.2 Selection of Contractor 2-10 2.3.3 Permits and Clearances 2-11 2.3.4 Materials and Equipment 2-12 2 .. 3.4.1 Fault Investigation Trenches 2-13 2.3.4.2 Diamond Core Logging. • • 2-14 2.3.4.3 Soils Sampling & Logging. 2-14 2.3.4.4 Soil Ex~loration Test Pit 2-15 2.3.4.5 Permeab~lity Testing. 2-15 FIELD OPERATIONS 3.1 CONTACTS 3.1.1 Client Contact 3.1.2 Project Manager Contact 3.1.3 Contractor Contact 3.1.4 General Public Contact · . 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 .1 4. 5. 3.2 SAFETY ......•. 3.3 CONTRACTOR'S EQUIPMENT 3.4 DOCUMENTATION .... 3.5 SUPPLEMENTAL RECONNAISSANCE 3.5.1 Studies in Urban Areas 3.5.2 Studies in Undeveloped Areas EXPLORATION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 4.1 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 4.1.1 Onshore Geophysical Methods 4.1.2 Offshore Geophysical Methods 4.2 MECHANICAL PROBING AND SOUNDING 4.3 OPEN SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION Page No. 3-5 3-8 3-10 3-11 3-l3 3-15 4-1 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-4 4.3.1 Hand Excavated Test pits and Shafts. 4-6 4.3.2 Backhoe Excavated Test pits an¢! Trenches • • . 4-7 4.3.3 Drilled Shafts.. ...•. 4-9 4.3.4' Dozer Cuts . . • . .•.•• 4-10 4.3.5 Trenches for Fault Investigation 4-11 4.4 DEEP EXPLORATION. 4.4.1 Auger Borings 4.4.1.1 Hand Augers 4.4.1.2 Power Augers 4.4.2 Wash Borings .•.• 4.4.3 Percussion and Churn Borings 4.4.3.1 Percussion Drills .. • • 4.4.3.1.1 Downhole Percussion unit 4.4.3.1.2 Becker Hammer Drill. 4.4.3.2 Churn Drill 4.4.4 Rotary Borings .. 4.4.4.1 Truck-Mounted Rotary Drills 4.4.4.2 Skid-Mounted Rotary Drills. SOIL SAMPLING AND FIELD TESTS 5.1 PREPARATION FOR SAMPLING 5.2 METHODS OF ADVANCING SAMPLER 5.3 UNDISTURBED SAMPLES 5.3.1 Sampling Equipment and Methods 4-14 4-17 4-18 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23 4-24 4-25 4-25 4-27 5-1 5-2 5-4 5-6 5-8 • ' ~.' , " / 5.4 5.3.1.1 Shelby Tube Sampler .•• 5.3.1.2 Stationary Piston Samnler 5.3.1.3 Hydraulic Piston Sampler 5.3.1.4 Double Tube Core Barrel 5.3.1.5 Hand Trimmed Samples DISTURBED SAMPLES . . . , 5.4.1 Sampling Equipment and Methods. 5.4.1.1 5.4.1.2 5.4.1.3 5.4.1.4 Split Barrel Sampler •.• Converse Sampler • • . • Retractable Plug Sampler Bulk Samples • • 5.5 SAMPLING OPERATIONS . . 5.5.1 Undisturbed 5.5.2 Disturbed • • • • · . • • • • • • 5.6 PREVENTING LOSS OF SAMPLES • • 5.6.1 Undisturbed 5.6.2 Disturbed 5.7 SAMPLE SIZES . ' 5.7.1 Identification Tests 5.7.2 Compaction Tests 5.7. 3 Other Tes ts . . . • • • 5.8 PRESERVATION AND SHIPMENT OF SAMPLES. 5.8.1 Undisturbed . . . . . . . . 5.8.1.1 Marking of Samples. 5.8.1.2 Packing and Shipment 5.8.2 Disturbed .....••. " 5.8.2.1 Marking of containers. 5.8.2.2 Packing and Shipment 5.9 IN SITU TESTS ....•...• 5.9.1 Standrad Penetration Test (SPT) 5.9.2 Cone Penetrometer Tests 5.9.3 Menard Pressuremeter 5.9.4 Vane Shear Test •... • • • • · . Page NQ. 5-8 5-9 5-11 5-12 5-14 5-15 5-15 5 .. 15 5-16 5-17 5-17 5-18 5-20 5-22 5-23 5-23 5-28 5-28, 5-28 5-29 5-30 5..,31 5-31 5-33 5-33 5-34 5-35 5-35 5-35 5-36 5-37 5-39 5-41 6. 7. Page No. 5.10 SUBMARINE SAMPLERS .. 5-42 5.10.1 Petersen Dredge 5.10.2 Open Barrel Gravity Corer 5.10.3 Phleger Corer .. 5.10.4 Piston Gravity Corer. 5.10.5 Vibratory Corer 5-42 5-43 5-44 5-45 5-46 ROCK SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 6-1 6.1 BULK SAMPLING 6-1 6.1.1 Surface Bulk Samples 6.1.2 Subsurface Bulk Samples 6-1 6-2 6.2 CORE DRILLING 6-3 6.2.1 Field Coordination 6.2.2 Core Drilling Operations 6.2.2.1 Overburden Drilling 6.2.2.2 Depth Measurements 6.2.2.3 cutting of the Core 6.2.2.4 Grinding of Core 6;2.3 Core Recovery and Extraction 6.2.3.1 Core Boxes and Labelling 6.2.3.2 Transportation and Storage 6-3 6-5 6-5 6-6 6-'7 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6.3 CORE DRILLING AND SAMPLING EQUIPMENT 6-10 6.3.1 Rock Drilling Bits. 6.3.1.1 Diamond Core Barrels 6-10 6-11 SOIL BORING LOGS 7-1 7.1 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 7-1 7. 2 7.3 7.1.1 Unified Soil Classification System 7-3 7.1.1.1 Soil Groups and Symbols. . 7-4 7.1.1.1.1 Coarse-grained Soils 7-4 7.1.1.1.2 Fine-grained Soils. 7-5 7.1.2 Burmister Soil Identification System 7-6 7.1.3 Additional Classification Systems 7-7 7.1.4 Additional Components of Soil Identification . . . . • . . . . 7-7 7.1.5 Examples of Field Classification and Identification 7-9 LOG HEADING DATA THE LOG 7-11 7-13 / 8. 9. 10. Page No. ROCK BORING LOGS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.1 BORING DEPTH, ELEVATION, AND SIZE 8-3 8.2 PERCENT CORE RECOVERY/ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION 8-3 8.3 GRAPHIC LOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 8.4 CLASSIFICATION AND PHYSICAL CONDITION. . .. 8-5 8.4.1 Lithologic Classification and Description . . . . • . . . . . • 8.4.2 Description of Physical Condition 8.4.2.1 Degree of Weathering 8.4.2.2 Discontinuities 8.4.2.3 Rock Hardness ..• 8.4.2.4 Order of Descriptive Terms 8.5 WATER PRESSURE T,EST 8.6 REMARKS ..... 8.7 CORE PHOTOGRAPHY LOGS FOR OPEN SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS , . • • 8-6 8-9 8-9 8-9 8-13 8-13 8-14 8-14 8-14 9-1 9.1' OPEN EXCAVATIONS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES. 9-2 9.1.1 9.1. 2 9.1. 3 Basic Required Graphic Sketch Descriptions Data 9.2 FAULT INVESTIGATION TRENCH LOGS 9.2.1 Basic Required Data .. 9.2.2 Trench Mapping Methods 9.2.3 Trench Photography 9.2.4 Displacement Evaluation Techniques 9.2.5 Age Evaluation Techniques FIELD PERMEABILITY TESTS . . 10.1 EVALUATING THE BEST TYPE OF TEST 10.2 PRE-TEST PROCEDURES .... 10.2.1 Drilling and Casing 10.2.2 Boring Cleaning 10.2.3 Test Section Isolation 10.3 PERMEABILITY TEST PROCEDURES 10.3.1 Equipment .•... 10.3.2 Data to be Recorded 10.3.3 Types of Tests . . • • • 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-4 9-4 9-5 9-10 9-11 9-12 10-1 10-2 10-6 10-7 10-9 10-11 10-15 10-15 10-16 10-17 Page No. 10.3.3.1 Rising Head Tests ... 10.3.3.2 Constant Head Tests .. 10.3.3.3 Falling Head Tests 10.3.3.4 Pressure (Packer) Tests 10.3.3.4.1 Setup .•. 10.3.3.4.2 Pressures To Be Used In Testing . . . . 10.3.3.4.3 Length of Time for Tests 10.3.3.4.4 Calibration and Detection of Leaks 10.3.3.4.5 Test Procedure 10.3.3.5 Well-Pumping Tests • 10.4 PERCOLATION TEST PROCEDURE 10.5 INSTALLATION OF PIEZOMETERS 10.6 BACKFILLING BORINGS ..•• ... REFERENCES .. INDEX •. . 10-17 10-18 10-20 10-21 10-21 10-24 10-25 10-26 10-26 10-27 10-33 10-34 10-36 R-l thru R-5 I-I thru I-5 ( , I , ( , 4-1 4-2 4-3 5-1 5-2 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 Tables Onshore Geophysics for Engineering Purposes Offshore Geophysical Methods Use, Capabilities, and Limitations of Exploration Methods Common Samplers Common Submarine Samplers USCS Grain Size Ranges USCS Soil Symbols Burmister System Terms CWDD Color Abbreviations CWDD Soil Moisture Terminology CWDD Guide For Compactness of Coarse-Grained Soils CWDD Guide for Consistency of Fine-Grained Soils CWDD Sampling Symbols Used on Logs 8-1 Degree of Weathering 8-2 Discontinuity Spacing 8-3 Separation of Fracture Walls 8-4 Fracture uploads/Voyage/ converse-exploration-guide.pdf