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Bash guide BashGuide March C CContents Introduction About This Guide A De ?nition Using Bash Contents Commands and Arguments Strings Types of commands Aliases Functions Builtins Keywords Executables Scripts Special Characters Deprecated special characters

BashGuide March C CContents Introduction About This Guide A De ?nition Using Bash Contents Commands and Arguments Strings Types of commands Aliases Functions Builtins Keywords Executables Scripts Special Characters Deprecated special characters recognized but not recommended Parameters Special Parameters and Variables Variable Types Parameter Expansion Patterns Glob Patterns Extended Globs Regular Expressions Brace Expansion TestsAndConditionals Exit Status Control Operators and Grouping Statements Conditional Blocks if test and Conditional Loops while until and for Choices case and select C Arrays Creating Arrays Using Arrays Expanding Elements Expanding Indices Sparse Arrays Associative Arrays Input and Output Command-line Arguments The Environment File Descriptors Redirection File Redirection File Descriptor Manipulation Heredocs And Herestrings Pipes Miscellaneous Operators Process Substitution Compound Commands Subshells Command grouping Arithmetic Evaluation Functions Aliases Destroying Constructs Sourcing Job Control Theory Practice Job Speci ?cations See Also Practices Choose Your Shell Quoting Readability Bash Tests C Don ? t Ever Do These Debugging Diagnose the Problem Minimize the Codebase Activate Bash ? s Debug Mode Step Your Code The Bash Debugger Reread the Manual Read the FAQ Pitfalls Ask Us on IRC C C Introduction You are invited to make additions or modi ?cations at http mywiki wooledge org BashGuide so long as you can keep them accurate Please test any code samples you write All the information here is presented without any warranty or guarantee of accuracy Use it at your own risk When in doubt please consult the man pages or the GNU info pages as the authoritative references About This Guide A new version of this guide is currently being drafted For now this guide is still the most complete and best reviewed Any contributions to the new guide are welcome via GitHub forks This guide aims to aid people interested in learning to work with BASH It aspires to teach good practice techniques for using BASH and writing simple scripts This guide is targeted at beginning users It assumes no advanced knowledge -- just the ability to login to a Unix-like system and open a command-line terminal interface It will help if you know how to use a text editor we will not be covering editors nor do we endorse any particular editor choice Familiarity with the fundamental Unix tool set or with other programming languages or programming concepts is not required but those who have such knowledge may understand some of the examples more quickly If something is unclear to you you are invited to report this use http mywiki wooledge org BashGuideFeedback or the bash channel on irc freenode org so that it may be clari ?ed in this document for future readers You are invited to contribute to the development of this document by extending it or correcting invalid or incomplete information The primary maintainer s of this document ? -- Lhunath primary author ? -- GreyCat A De ?nition BASH is an acronym for Bourne Again Shell It is based on the Bourne shell and is mostly compatible with its features Shells are command