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Buckland 1997 what is a document

What Is a ? ? Document ? ? Michael K Buckland School of Information Management Systems University of California Berkeley CA - E-mail buckland sims berkeley edu Ordinarily the word ? ? document ? ? denotes a textual record Increasingly sophisticated attempts to provide access to the rapidly growing quantity of available documents raised questions about what should be considered a ? ? document ? ? The answer is important for any de ?nition of the scope of Information Science Paul Otlet and others developed a functional view of ? ? document ? ? and discussed whether for example sculpture museum objects and live animals could be considered ? ? documents ? ? Suzanne Briet equated ? ? document ? ? with organized physical evidence These ideas appear to resemble notions of ? ? material culture ? ? in cultural anthropology and ? ? object- as-sign ? ? in semiotics Others especially in the U S A e g Jesse Shera and Louis Shores took a narrower view New digital technology renews old questions and also old confusions between medium message and meaning Introduction What is a document What could not be a document Ordinarily information storage and retrieval systems have been concerned with text and text-like records e g names numbers and alphanumeric codes The present interest in ? ? multimedia ? ? reminds us that not all phenomena of interest in information science are textual or textlike We may need to deal with any phenomena that someone may wish to observe Events processes images and objects as well as texts This article reconstructs and comments on the development of thought on this topic with an emphasis on the ideas of continental European documentalists in the ?rst half of this century If ? ? documentation ? ? a term that included information storage and retrieval systems is what you do to or with documents how far could you push the meaning of ? ? document ? ? and what were the limits to ? ? documentation ? ? The work of European pioneers such as Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet has received renewed attention in recent years and has been related to discussion of physical forms of ? ? information ? ? e g ?? John Wiley Sons Inc ? ? information-as-thing ? ? Buckland a b c These issues are important because mechanical information systems can only operate on physical representations of ? ? information ? ? This background is relevant to the clari ?cation of the nature and scope of information systems From Document to ? ? Documentation ? ? In the late th century there was increasing concern with the rapid increase in the number of publications especially of scienti ?c and technical literature Continued e ?ectiveness in the creation dissemination and utilization of recorded knowledge was seen as needing new techniques for managing the growing literature The ? ? managing ? ? that was needed had several aspects Ef ?cient and reliable techniques were needed