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Translation guide Annotated Bibliography Guidelines for Translating Surveys in Cross-Cultural Research Prepared by the Measurement and Methods Core of the Center for Aging in Diverse Communities University of California San Francisco Introduction As the p

Annotated Bibliography Guidelines for Translating Surveys in Cross-Cultural Research Prepared by the Measurement and Methods Core of the Center for Aging in Diverse Communities University of California San Francisco Introduction As the population become more diverse it is important to conduct health research within nonEnglish speaking populations Only recently have health researchers begun to identify best practices for the translation and assessment of translations of survey instruments into other languages Current standards for translation procedures are lacking and few researchers report their methods of translation Often time and money are not dedicated to the proper translation and adaptation of measures and thus the cultural and conceptual equivalence often su ?ers A well-translated survey instrument should have semantic equivalence across languages conceptual equivalence across cultures and normative equivalence to the source survey Semantic equivalence refers to the words and sentence structure in the translated text expressing the same meaning as the source language Conceptual equivalence is when the concept being measured is the same across groups although wording to describe it may be di ?erent Normative equivalence describes the ability of the translated text to address social norms that may di ?er across cultures For example some cultures are less willing to share personal information or discuss certain topics than other cultures If possible both surveys should be developed simultaneously preventing the survey from being based too deeply within one culture and language Furthermore some researchers have begun to consider whether the same questions should be asked of all populations or whether cultural considerations may require slightly di ?erent questionnaires in several cases issues speci ?c to religion health beliefs etc Below we provide a list of journal articles book and book chapters that describe recommended methods of translation of survey instruments into multiple languages While this in not an exhaustive list of all works published on translation methods we have tried to include key articles that provide in-depth explanations of the methods used to translate materials and or practical approaches for handling the di ?erent problems encountered during the translation process Beaton DE Bombardier C Guillemin F Ferraz MB Recommendations for the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Health Status Measures Rosemont IL American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons revised This article provides a concise guide to adapting self-report measures for cross-cultural use The authors suggest a six stage process of Translation Synthesis Back Translation Expert Committee Review Pretesting and Submission and Appraisal According to this source translation should involve at least independent forward translations by bilingual translators which can then compare their versions to identify discrepancies indicative of ambiguous wording within the original survey or other problems During synthesis a third bilingual person mediates a discussion between the two translators to develop one version of the survey Written documentation of the process is encouraged Another person blind to the original survey then back translates the new survey into the source language and compares it to the original document to check the validity of the translation An expert committee comprised of the translators and