https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_quick_guide.htm Copyright © tutori
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_quick_guide.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, as an enhancement to the C language and originally named C with Classes but later it was renamed C++ in 1983. C++ is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program. Note − A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time. Object-Oriented Programming C++ fully supports object-oriented programming, including the four pillars of object-oriented development − Encapsulation Data hiding Inheritance Polymorphism Standard Libraries Standard C++ consists of three important parts − The core language giving all the building blocks including variables, data types and literals, etc. The C++ Standard Library giving a rich set of functions manipulating files, strings, etc. The Standard Template Library giving a rich set of methods manipulating data structures, etc. The ANSI Standard The ANSI standard is an attempt to ensure that C++ is portable; that code you write for Microsoft's compiler will compile without errors, using a compiler on a Mac, UNIX, a Windows box, or an Alpha. The ANSI standard has been stable for a while, and all the major C++ compiler manufacturers support the ANSI standard. Learning C++ The most important thing while learning C++ is to focus on concepts. C++ Quick Guide https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgi-bin/printpage.cgi 1 of 134 17-Oct-17 8:16 PM The purpose of learning a programming language is to become a better programmer; that is, to become more effective at designing and implementing new systems and at maintaining old ones. C++ supports a variety of programming styles. You can write in the style of Fortran, C, Smalltalk, etc., in any language. Each style can achieve its aims effectively while maintaining runtime and space efficiency. Use of C++ C++ is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers in essentially every application domain. C++ is being highly used to write device drivers and other software that rely on direct manipulation of hardware under realtime constraints. C++ is widely used for teaching and research because it is clean enough for successful teaching of basic concepts. Anyone who has used either an Apple Macintosh or a PC running Windows has indirectly used C++ because the primary user interfaces of these systems are written in C++. Try it Option Online You really do not need to set up your own environment to start learning C++ programming language. Reason is very simple, we have already set up C++ Programming environment online, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples online at the same time when you are doing your theory work. This gives you confidence in what you are reading and to check the result with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it online. Try the following example using our online compiler option available at CodingGround #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World"; return 0; } For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find Try it option in our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler. So just make use of it and enjoy your learning. Local Environment Setup If you are still willing to set up your environment for C++, you need to have the following two softwares on your computer. Text Editor C++ Quick Guide https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgi-bin/printpage.cgi 2 of 134 17-Oct-17 8:16 PM This will be used to type your program. Examples of few editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi. Name and version of text editor can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as Linux, or UNIX. The files you create with your editor are called source files and for C++ they typically are named with the extension .cpp, .cp, or .c. A text editor should be in place to start your C++ programming. C++ Compiler This is an actual C++ compiler, which will be used to compile your source code into final executable program. Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give to your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by default. Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have the respective Operating Systems. Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler UNIX/Linux Installation If you are using Linux or UNIX then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line − $ g++ -v If you have installed GCC, then it should print a message such as the following − Using built-in specs. Target: i386-redhat-linux Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr ....... Thread model: posix gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46) If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available at https://gcc.gnu.org/install/ Mac OS X Installation If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's website and follow the simple installation instructions. Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/. Windows Installation To install GCC at Windows you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, C++ Quick Guide https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgi-bin/printpage.cgi 3 of 134 17-Oct-17 8:16 PM www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program which should be named MinGW-<version>.exe. While installing MinGW, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more. Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names. When the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g++, ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line. When we consider a C++ program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now briefly look into what a class, object, methods, and instant variables mean. Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behaviors - wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class. Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the behaviors/states that object of its type support. Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the actions are executed. Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables. C++ Program Structure Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World. #include <iostream> using namespace std; // main() is where program execution begins. int main() { cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World return 0; } Let us look at the various parts of the above program − The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is either necessary or useful to your program. For this program, the header <iostream> is needed. The line using namespace std; tells the compiler to use the std namespace. Namespaces are a relatively recent addition to C++. The next line '// main is where program execution begins.' is a single-line comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of the line. C++ Quick Guide https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgi-bin/printpage.cgi 4 of 134 17-Oct-17 8:16 PM The line int main is the main function where program execution begins. The next line cout << "This is my first C++ program."; causes the message "This is my first C++ program" to be displayed on the screen. The next line return 0; terminates mainfunction and causes it to return the value 0 to the calling process. Compile and Execute C++ Program Let's look at how to save the file, compile and run the program. Please follow the steps given below − Open a text editor and add the code as above. Save the file as: hello.cpp Open a command prompt and go to the directory where you saved the file. Type 'g++ hello.cpp' and press enter to compile your code. If there are no errors in your code the command prompt will take you to the next line and would generate a.out executable file. Now, type 'a.out' to run your program. You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed uploads/s3/ c-quick-guide 3 .pdf
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