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403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite B Manhattan, KS 66502 USA +1.785.770.8511 www.thunderheadeng.com User Manual Pathfinder 2019 i Disclaimer Thunderhead Engineering makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of Pathfinder, and accepts no responsibility for its use. Users of Pathfinder assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application; for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use; and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools. Users are warned that Pathfinder is intended for use only by those competent in the field of egress modeling. Pathfinder is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user. The software package is a computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances. Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions. All results should be evaluated by an informed user. ii Acknowledgements This work was originally made possible by a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant (2005-2007) by the United States National Science Foundation. We would like to thank Rolf Jensen and Associates for their assistance with testing and other suggestions that helped guide the development of the simulator. We would also like to thank the users whose feedback helps us improve the software and incorporate more useful features. The Pathfinder support forum can be found at www.thunderheadeng.com/pathfinder. iii Trademarks All other product or company names that are mentioned in this publication are tradenames, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. iv Table of Contents Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ ii Trademarks .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................9 Graphical User Interface .............................................................................................................. 9 Model Representation ............................................................................................................... 11 Simulation Modes ...................................................................................................................... 12 Limitations and Known Issues ................................................................................................... 13 Simulator Name ......................................................................................................................... 13 System Requirements................................................................................................................ 13 Configuration Files ..................................................................................................................... 15 Contact Us ................................................................................................................................. 15 2. Pathfinder Basics .............................................................................................................. 16 Navigation View ......................................................................................................................... 16 3D and 2D Views ........................................................................................................................ 18 Navigating the 3D view ......................................................................................................... 19 Navigating the 2D view ......................................................................................................... 20 Resetting the view ................................................................................................................. 20 Filling the view ....................................................................................................................... 21 Drawing in the 3D and 2D views ........................................................................................... 21 View Options ............................................................................................................................. 21 Render Options ..................................................................................................................... 22 Occupant Display ................................................................................................................... 22 Coloring Rooms ..................................................................................................................... 23 Room Opacity ........................................................................................................................ 23 Model Organization with Groups .............................................................................................. 23 Creating sub-groups .............................................................................................................. 24 Changing groups .................................................................................................................... 24 3. Creating Movement Space ................................................................................................ 25 Floors ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Automatically creating floors ................................................................................................ 25 Manually creating floors........................................................................................................ 27 Changing the active floor ...................................................................................................... 27 Showing all floors .................................................................................................................. 28 Floor Properties ..................................................................................................................... 28 Rooms ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Adding new rooms ................................................................................................................ 28 Drawing Plane ....................................................................................................................... 30 Thin walls ............................................................................................................................... 31 Splitting rooms ...................................................................................................................... 31 Separating and merging rooms ............................................................................................. 32 Room properties.................................................................................................................... 32 Preventing room-crossing ..................................................................................................... 34 Mesh Optimization ................................................................................................................ 35 v Obstructions/Holes.................................................................................................................... 35 Arbitrarily-shaped obstructions (desks, tables, etc.) ............................................................ 35 Thick walls ............................................................................................................................. 36 Doors ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Thin doors .............................................................................................................................. 37 Thick doors ............................................................................................................................ 38 Door properties ..................................................................................................................... 39 Stairs .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Stairs between edges ............................................................................................................ 41 Stairs extending from one edge ............................................................................................ 42 Stair properties ...................................................................................................................... 43 Ramps ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Escalators ................................................................................................................................... 44 Moving Walkways...................................................................................................................... 45 Elevators .................................................................................................................................... 45 Creating elevators ................................................................................................................. 46 Elevator representation ........................................................................................................ 48 Elevator properties ................................................................................................................ 48 Nominal load ......................................................................................................................... 50 Connecting/Disconnecting floors .......................................................................................... 50 Call Sets ................................................................................................................................. 50 Double-Deck Elevators .......................................................................................................... 51 Exits ........................................................................................................................................... 51 4. Importing Files ................................................................................................................. 53 Importing Images....................................................................................................................... 53 Importing CAD files .................................................................................................................... 54 Imported Objects .................................................................................................................. 56 Importing IFC Files ................................................................................................................. 57 Importing DXF Files ............................................................................................................... 59 Importing DWG Files ............................................................................................................. 59 Importing FBX Files ................................................................................................................ 59 Importing PyroSim and FDS files ........................................................................................... 59 Importing Revit Files .............................................................................................................. 59 Working with Imported Data .................................................................................................... 62 Generate model automatically .............................................................................................. 62 Extract rooms individually ..................................................................................................... 69 Working with 2D CAD ............................................................................................................ 70 Working with Images ............................................................................................................. 71 Filling in missing pieces ......................................................................................................... 72 Flattening and Z Location ...................................................................................................... 72 Materials................................................................................................................................ 73 Reorganizing and Making Fast Edits ...................................................................................... 75 Importing FDS Output Data ....................................................................................................... 75 5. Creating Occupants .......................................................................................................... 77 Profiles ....................................................................................................................................... 77 Characteristics Tab ................................................................................................................ 78 Movement Tab ...................................................................................................................... 79 Door Choice Tab .................................................................................................................... 81 vi Output Tab ............................................................................................................................ 82 Advanced Tab ........................................................................................................................ 82 Stochastic Parameters ........................................................................................................... 87 Seeds ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Customizing Occupants ......................................................................................................... 88 Profile Libraries...................................................................................................................... 88 Vehicle Shapes ........................................................................................................................... 90 Behaviors ................................................................................................................................... 93 Creating a new Behavior ....................................................................................................... 93 Adding actions ....................................................................................................................... 94 Behavior Action Types ........................................................................................................... 96 Generating Occupants ............................................................................................................. 100 Individual placement ........................................................................................................... 100 Group Placement ................................................................................................................. 101 Room Placement ................................................................................................................. 103 Occupant Sources ................................................................................................................ 103 Redistributing Profiles and Behaviors ..................................................................................... 106 Randomizing Occupants’ Positions ......................................................................................... 107 Reducing Population ............................................................................................................... 107 6. Assisted Evacuation ........................................................................................................ 108 Assistance Process Overview .................................................................................................. 108 Assistants ............................................................................................................................. 108 Clients .................................................................................................................................. 108 Preparing Clients ..................................................................................................................... 109 Preparing Assistants ................................................................................................................ 110 Preparing Teams ...................................................................................................................... 110 7. Occupant Grouping ........................................................................................................ 113 Grouped Movement ................................................................................................................ 113 Movement Groups .................................................................................................................. 114 Movement Group Templates .................................................................................................. 115 Adding Grouped Occupants from Occupant Sources .............................................................. 116 8. Views ............................................................................................................................. 118 Creating a View ................................................................................................................... 118 Recalling a View ................................................................................................................... 118 Editing a View ...................................................................................................................... 119 Views in the Results ................................................................................................................. 119 Camera Tours .......................................................................................................................... 119 9. Editing and Copying Objects ........................................................................................... 120 Transforming and Copying Objects ......................................................................................... 120 Moving ................................................................................................................................. 120 Rotating ............................................................................................................................... 121 Mirroring ............................................................................................................................. 123 Manipulating Objects with Handles ........................................................................................ 124 Selecting and deselecting a handle ..................................................................................... 124 Editing a handle ................................................................................................................... 125 Room handles ...................................................................................................................... 125 Thin door handles ................................................................................................................ 125 Thick door handles .............................................................................................................. 126 vii Stair and Ramp handles ....................................................................................................... 126 Occupant handles ................................................................................................................ 126 Waypoint handles ............................................................................................................... 127 Enabling and Disabling Objects ............................................................................................... 127 10. Model Analysis ............................................................................................................. 128 Measurement Regions ............................................................................................................ 128 Measuring Distances ............................................................................................................... 129 Troubleshooting ...................................................................................................................... 130 11. Simulating .................................................................................................................... 132 Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 132 Time Parameters ................................................................................................................. 132 Output Parameters .............................................................................................................. 133 Paths Parameters ................................................................................................................ 134 Behavior Parameters ........................................................................................................... 134 Starting and Managing a Simulation ....................................................................................... 137 Simulating via command-line .............................................................................................. 138 Stopping and Resuming a Simulation ...................................................................................... 138 12. Results ......................................................................................................................... 139 Summary Report ...................................................................................................................... 139 Door History ............................................................................................................................ 140 Door Flow Rate and Specific Flow ....................................................................................... 141 Door Usage .......................................................................................................................... 142 Room History ........................................................................................................................... 142 Occupants Summary................................................................................................................ 143 Occupant History ..................................................................................................................... 144 3D Results ................................................................................................................................ 144 Appendix A. Pre-defined Speed Profiles ....................................................................... 146 Profiles from the IMO's Revised Guidelines for Passenger Ships ............................................ 146 Profiles from Fruin's Pedestrian Planning and Design ............................................................ 147 References ......................................................................................................................... 149 Index ................................................................................................................................. 150 viii Pathfinder User Manual 9 1. Introduction Pathfinder is an agent based egress and human movement simulator. It provides a graphical user interface for simulation design and execution as well as 2D and 3D visualization tools for results analysis. Graphical User Interface Pathfinder includes a graphical user interface that is used primarily to create and run simulation models. A screenshot of this user interface is shown in Figure 1:1. This screenshot displays a model of the Theater de Vest in Alkmaar, Netherlands. The model was created by Van Hooft Adviesburo. For clarity, the image shows only one of the dxf files used to create the geometry. The model includes 2177 occupants. Figure 1:1: An example of the graphical user interface. Model of the Theater de Vest created by Van Hooft Adviesburo. Pathfinder also includes a second program designed specifically for high-performance visualization of 3D time history. The 3D Results program is shown in Figure 1:2. In this image, occupants are gathering at a refuge area before proceeding to elevators. Transparency has been used to help view occupants on the refuge floor. Pathfinder User Manual 10 Figure 1:2: An example of the 3D Results view, showing occupants gathering at a refuge area before proceeding to elevators. Transparency has been used to help view the occupants. In addition to 3D visualization, Pathfinder also provides output in the form of 2D time history plots of CSV (comma separated values) out files and a text summary of room clearing times and doorway flow rates. An example time history plot can be seen in Figure 1:3. This plot shows the number of occupants in the refuge area and the total number of occupants in the building. Pathfinder User Manual 11 Figure 1:3: An example time history graph Model Representation The movement environment is a 3D triangulated mesh (Figure 1:4) designed to match the real dimensions of a building model. This movement mesh can be entered manually or automatically based on imported data (e.g. FDS geometry). Walls and other impassable areas are represented as gaps in the navigation mesh. These objects are not actually passed along to the simulator, but are represented implicitly because occupants cannot move in places where no navigation mesh has been created. Doors are represented as special navigation mesh edges. In all simulations, doors provide a mechanism for joining rooms and tracking occupant flow. Depending on the specific selection of simulation options, doors may also be used to explicitly control occupant flow. Stairways are also represented as special navigation mesh edges and triangles. Occupant movement speed is reduced to a factor of their level travel speed based on the incline of the stairway. Each stairway implicitly defines two doors. These doors function just uploads/s3/ user-manual-pathfinder-2019.pdf