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8 As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summ

8 As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summarize information about the periods of early human history and the development of civilizations. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Note Taking Study Guide TOWARD CIVILIZATION PART 1.1 I. Old Stone Age/Paleolithic Period A. From time of first stone toolmakers to about 10,000 B.C. B. Nomadic way of life 1. Hunting and gathering bands of 20 to 30 people 2. Made simple tools and weapons 3. 4. 5. II. A. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. III. A. B. C. 1. 2. D. 1. 2. E. 1. 2. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 9 Section Summary TOWARD CIVILIZATION PART 1.1 READING CHECK Who are nomads? VOCABULARY STRATEGY What does the word status mean in the underlined sen- tence? Note that the word status is repeated in the next sentence. As men gained status as war- riors, the status of women declined. How does this help you understand the meaning of the word status? READING SKILL Identify Causes and Effects Create a 4-step ﬂowchart to show how the development of farming led to the growth of cities in river valleys. Begin your ﬂowchart with “Nomadic bands learned to farm.” The period from the time of the ﬁrst stone toolmakers to about 10,000 B.C. is known as the Old Stone Age, or the Paleolithic Period. Paleolithic people were nomads, or people who move from place to place to hunt for animals and edible plants. They lived in bands of 20 to 30 people and made simple tools and weapons. They devel- oped spoken language, invented clothing made from animal skins, and learned to build ﬁres. About 10,000 years ago, nomadic bands learned to farm. This allowed them to remain in one place, which ushered in the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Age. Neolithic people established permanent villages and learned to tame animals. Village life reshaped the roles of men and women. During times of want, war- fare increased. Success in battle enabled some men to gain status as warriors, which gave them power over both women and other men. The status of women declined. About 5,000 years ago, the advances made by early farming com- munities led to the rise of civilizations. Historians have identiﬁed seven basic features common to most early civilizations: well- organized central governments, complex religions, job specializa- tion, social classes, arts and architecture, public works, and writing. Food surpluses in the river valleys of Africa and Asia helped populations to expand. As populations increased, some villages grew into cities. The challenge of farming in a river valley con- tributed to the development of city governments. Projects to control ﬂooding and channel waters to ﬁelds required organization. Over time, city governments became more complex, and government bureaucracies grew. Social organization also became more complex. People were ranked according to their jobs. Priests and nobles were usually at the top, followed by merchants and artisans, or skilled craftworkers. Below them were the peasant farmers and slaves at the very bottom. Priests developed writing to record information. Early writing was made up of pictographs, or simple drawings that represented ideas. As ancient rulers gained more and more power, they conquered territories beyond their cities. Some conquered many cities and vil- lages, creating empires, or groups of states, territories, and peoples ruled by one person. Review Questions 1. Why did city governments develop in river valleys? 2. How were people ranked socially in early civilizations? Name Class Date 10 As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summarize information about the ﬁrst civilizations in North Africa and the Middle East. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Note Taking Study Guide FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: AFRICA AND ASIA PART 1.2 I. Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile A. Villages in Nile River valley joined into two kingdoms. B. C. Old Kingdom (about 2575–2130 B.C.) D. E. II. A. B. III. A. B. 1. 2. 3. C. 1. 2. IV. A. B. C. D. V. A. B. C. D. E. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 11 Section Summary FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: AFRICA AND ASIA PART 1.2 READING CHECK What was the diaspora? VOCABULARY STRATEGY Find the word complex in the underlined sentence. What do you think it means? The word simple is an antonym of the word complex. Use this clue to help you ﬁgure out the meaning of complex. READING SKILL Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the geography of civilizations in Egypt and in Sumer. The ﬁrst civilizations emerged in river valleys and developed complex ways of life. In the Nile River valley in Egypt, villages joined together into two kingdoms. These kingdoms were later united under King Menes. The history of ancient Egypt after King Menes is divided into three periods, the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptian rulers, or pharaohs, organized a strong central government and built pyramids as tombs. During the Middle and New Kingdoms, trade and warfare brought Egypt into contact with other civilizations, which led to cultural diffusion. Egyptians worshiped many gods and goddesses and built tombs to preserve their bodies for the afterlife. Egyptian society was orga- nized into classes. At the top was the pharaoh, who was considered both a king and a god. Another civilization, the city-states of Sumer, developed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This area was called Mesopotamia, and was located in the Fertile Crescent. The city-states often fought for control of land and water. War leaders eventually became rulers, and a social hierarchy emerged. The Sumerians built dikes, irriga- tion ditches, and ziggurats, or pyramid-temples. They also invented the earliest form of writing, called cuneiform, which scribes learned how to read and write. About 2300 B.C., Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered the city- states of Sumer. He built the world’s ﬁrst empire. About 1790 B.C., Hammurabi, king of Babylon, conquered much of Mesopotamia. His law code was the ﬁrst major collection of laws in history. About 2000 B.C., the Hebrews migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan. They developed Judaism, a monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God. They recorded events and laws in the Torah, their most sacred text. Prophets preached a strong code of ethics and urged the Hebrews to obey God’s law. The Hebrews established the kingdom of Israel, which eventually split into two parts. Invading armies captured the Hebrews, who later became known as Jews. About 2,000 years ago, many Jews were forced to leave their home- land. This scattering of the Jewish people is known as the diaspora. Review Questions 1. Why did Egyptian rulers build pyramids? 2. Who invented the earliest form of writing, and what was it called? Name Class Date 12 As you read this section in your textbook, complete the outline below to summarize information about early civilizations in India and China. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Name Class Date Note Taking Study Guide EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN INDIA AND CHINA PART 1.3 I. Cities of the Indus Valley A. India’s first civilization arose in Indus River valley about 2600 B.C. B. Two main cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. C. II. A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. C. 1. 2. 3. III. A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. C. 1. 2. 3. D. 1. 2. 3. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 13 Section Summary EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN INDIA AND CHINA PART 1.3 READING CHECK What are castes? VOCABULARY STRATEGY What does the word barriers mean in the underlined sen- tence? Two examples of physi- cal barriers are given in the sentence. How do these exam- ples help you understand the meaning of barriers? READING SKILL Identify Main Ideas List four main ideas about the Aryans from the second paragraph of the Summary. India’s ﬁrst civilization emerged in the Indus River valley about 2500 B.C. This civilization ﬂourished for 1,000 years and covered the largest area of any in ancient times. Its two main cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were carefully planned, with plumbing systems and under- ground sewers. About 1500 B.C., nomadic people from the north, called Aryans, overran the cities of the Indus region. They spread eastward to the Ganges River basin. By 500 B.C., a new Indian civilization, with many rival kingdoms, had emerged. Most of what we know about the Aryans comes from the Vedas, a collection of prayers, hymns, and religious teachings. The Aryans divided themselves into social classes by occupation. Over time, these divisions grew into a system of castes. These are social groups into which people are born and cannot leave. We also know that the Aryans were polytheistic, or believed in many gods. They eventu- ally came to believe in a single spiritual power, called brahman, which lived in all uploads/Geographie/ early-civilizations-study-guide.pdf