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1 Bangor University Library & Archives Referencing Guides: Harvard J. Greene &

1 Bangor University Library & Archives Referencing Guides: Harvard J. Greene & V.Zarach, August 2012 Contents 1. Harvard referencing style p.2 2. In-text referencing p.2 3. Referencing in reference lists or bibliographies p.4 4. 5. Example bibliography Referencing support p.9 p.10 1. Harvard Referencing Style Referencing styles There are many different referencing styles, including widely used styles such as Harvard, APA and MLA, and styles specific to certain subjects or academic journals. At Bangor University, you will need to ask your tutor and School which referencing style you are expected to use. The library has a list of styles recommended by individual schools: http://www.bangor.ac.uk/library/help/documents/SchoolReferencingStyles.pdf. Harvard referencing style: many versions available http: //www.bangor.ac.uk/library/help/guides IMPORTANT: If you are using Harvard, ask your tutor or School whether they wish you to use a specific version, or are happy for you to use this version for guidance. 2 There are two main types of Harvard: Harvard and Harvard (British Standard). However, there is no single agreed version of either style, instead there are many individual variations available. For example, some versions of Harvard put the date of items in brackets, and some do not. This is a version of Harvard developed by Bangor University Library. We are very happy to work in consultation with Schools and tutors across the University to develop an agreed Bangor Harvard version, please contact the authors with feedback. 2. In Text Referencing Referencing authors in the text Scientists have long been concerned that human activities are causing global climate change (Leggett, 1990). Other scholars have made counter-arguments, for example, arguing that “long term variations in earth’s temperature are closely associated with variations in the solar cycle length” (Friis-Christensen & Lassen, 1991, p.700). Subsequent scholars claimed that there were flaws in Friis-Christensen’s & Lassen’s graphs linking global warming with solar activity (Laut, 2003; Connor 2009), and that “rigorous testing of causative links between sunspots and climate indices finds no links on time scales up to about 15 years” (Moore et al, 2006, p.4). Reference list Connor, S. 2009. Sun sets on sceptics' case against climate change. The Independent, Monday 14th December. Online at: http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/sun-sets-on- sceptics-case-against-climate-change-1839875.html. Accessed 25th June 2012. Friis-Christensen, E. & Lassen, K. 1991. Length of the solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate. Science, 254 (5032), pp.698-700. Laut, P. 2003. Solar activity and terrestrial climate: an analysis of some purported correlations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 65, pp. 801– 812. Online at: http://128.95.89.20/academics/classes/2003Q4/211/articles_optional/Laut2003_Graph_Errors.pdf. Accessed 25th June 2012. Leggett, J.K. (ed.) 1990. Global warming: The Greenpeace report. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Moore et al. 2006. Is there evidence for sunspot forcing of climate at multi-year and decadal periods? Geophysical Research Letters, 33. Online at: http://www.agu.org/pubs/current/si/links/2006GL026501.pdf. Accessed 25th June 2012. Direct and indirect citations There are two ways of citing a reference in the body of your text: A direct citation uses exact wording from the original source (known as a quote or quotation), and places the quote in quotation marks. Example: “One of the most fundamental quantities in relation to the terrestrial climate is the sun's radiation.” (Friis-Christensen & Lassen, 1991, p.698). Two authors (plus if quoting, or if relevant, include page number) One author Three or more authors (“et al”) Use semicolons to separate references 3 An indirect citation uses different wording to the original text, and does not require the use of quotation marks. It is very important that you communicate ideas from the original text in your own words if not using a direct quote, as reusing original wording without quotation marks is plagiarism. Example: In the 1980s, there were reports of Arctic ice melting quicker than normal (Leggett, 1990, p.23). Alternative example: Leggett (1990, p.23) mentions various dramatic climatic changes and events in the 1980s, including thinning Arctic ice, droughts, floods and storms. Anonymous, single and multiple author citations No author (Anon, Year, Page/s) *Invented example* If it is not possible to identify the author, use Anon (which is short for Anonymous). Example: The manuscript shows that UK weather always had extreme variations. (Anon, 1617). One author (Author, Year) Example: Dramatic weather events in the 1980s led to global warming becoming a major political topic (Paterson, 1996). Two authors (Author1 and Author2, Year) Example: Human activities have led to increased emissions of greenhouse gases which contributes to global warming (Barry & Chorley, 2003, p.370). Three authors or more (Author1 at al., Year) Example: “…implementing certain mitigation actions in a community will reduce the impacts of future disasters aggravated by climate change.” (Bullock et al, 2009, p.51). Listing several references (Author, Year; Author, Year) When citing more than one reference, separate each reference using a semi-colon Example: The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up in 1988 (O’Riordan & Jager, 1996; Paterson, 1996). Listing works by the same author from the same year (Author, Yeara), (Author, Yearb) When citing more than one work written by an author in one year, add a letter to the year. Example: The 1980s “saw the five hottest years in recorded history (Leggett, 1990a, p.3), and “the decline of glaciers in Europe and elsewhere” (Leggett, 1990b, p.23). (Figures correct in 1990). Edited publications When referring to the publication as a whole, cite the editor. Example: The book discusses community preparations for extreme weather (Bullock et al, 2009). When referring to a chapter within an edited collection, cite chapter author only. Example: “In these examples, local citizens created solutions…” (Schwab & Hohmann, 2009). Secondary citations Sometimes you may need to refer to an author who is cited in another source. Ideally you should use the original (primary) source, but if you are unable to access the primary source, you may cite it as a secondary source, clearly identifying this as follows: Example: The greenhouse effect was first discovered by Fourier, who reasoned that the Earth should be colder, but was warmed by the atmosphere, as “air traps heat, as if under a pane of glass”. (Fourier, 1822, quoted in Lever-Tracy, 2011). Note: To identify secondary direct citations within a direct quotation, use single quotation marks. Example: “In 1822 the physicist J.B. Fourier had postulated that the earth was kept warm because ‘air traps heat, as if under a pane of glass’.” (Lever-Tracy, 2011, citing Fourier, 1822). 4 Longer quotations Long quotes should be placed in indented paragraphs: Example: “It might be that most of us can live comfortably with the expected effects of climate change, but that many millions who are particularly vulnerable will suffer disproportionately and it is not moral for us to let that happen.” (Sinclair, 2011). 3. Referencing in Referencee Lists or Bibliographies Books / E-books Edited books / Books in a series Book reviews Journal articles / E-journal articles Newspaper articles Dissertations Lecture handouts Websites Conferences Official Reports Acts of Parliament / Cases Unpublished works Ephemera Films / Television programmes Images Email p.5 p.5 p.6 p.6 p.6 p.7 p.7 p.7 p.7 p.8 p.8 p.8 p.9 p.9 p.9 p.9 Note 1: List of sources cited in text OR list of all sources read? A reference list is a list of sources you have cited in the text, and some tutors will ask for this list only (though they may use different names). A bibliography is a wider list of general reading done for your essay, not just sources cited in the text, and some tutors may ask for this list in addition to a reference list. Check with your tutor to establish their requirements. Note 2: Works published in the same year Where there is more than one citation for an author in the same year, they should each have a letter added into the citation, in order of appearance in your work. Example: Olmek, B. 2009a.; Olmek, B. 2009b.; Olmek, B. 2009c.; etc. If there is no date, the reference without a date is listed first. Example: Scales, J. n.d.; Scales, J. 1876a.; Scales, J. 1876b. 5 Sources written by one author in a specific year are always listed before sources written by the author in collaboration with other authors, even if the date of the joint publication is earlier. Example: Jones, H. 2010.; Jones, H. & Williams, F. 2009. Note 3: Page numbers Whilst it is useful (and necessary for direct quotations) to cite page numbers in the body of your text, you do not include page numbers in your bibliography. There are exceptions, such as journal articles, book chapters and book reviews, which require you to list the relevant page numbers. Books 1 author: Mitchell, A. 2005. Dancing at the Dead Sea: a journey to the heart of environmental crisis. London: Eden Project. 2 authors: Issar, A.S. & Zohar, M. 2007. Climate change: environment and history of the Near East. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. 3 authors: Roaf, S., Crichton, D., & Nicol, F. 2005. Adapting buildings and cities for climate change : a 21st century survival guide. Boston: Architectural Press. 4 or more authors: Fry, J. et al. 2010. The encyclopedia of weather and climate change : a uploads/Geographie/ harvard-referencing-guide 1 .pdf