Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

Senegal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This

Senegal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French Wikipedia. (February 2010) After translating, {{Translated|fr|Senegal}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. Translation instructions · Translate via Google This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (July 2008) Republic of Senegal République du Sénégal (French) Réewum Senegaal (Wolof) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (French) "One People, One Goal, One Faith" Anthem: Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons Capital (and largest city) Dakar 14°40′N 17°25′W / 14.667°N 17.417°W Official language(s) French Recognised regional languages Wolof, Soninke, Seereer-Siin, Fula, Maninka, Diola,[1] Demonym Senegalese Government Semi-presidential republic - President Abdoulaye Wade - Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Independence - from France 4 April 1960 Area - Total 196,723 km 2 (87th) 76,000 sq mi - Water (%) 2.1 Population - 2009 estimate 13,711,597[2] (67th) - 2002 census 9,967,215 - Density 69.7/km2 (134th) 180.4/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate - Total $22.346 billion[3] - Per capita $1,743[3] GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate - Total $12.738 billion[3] - Per capita $993[3] Gini (1995) 41.3 (medium) HDI (2007) ▲0.464 (low) (166th) Currenc y CFA franc (XOF) Time zone UTC Drives on the right ISO 3166 code SN Internet TLD .sn Calling code 221 Senegal (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ ʁ epyblik dy sene ɡ al] ), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 300 miles off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During colonial times, numerous trading Counters, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St Louis became the capital of French Western Africa (Afrique-Occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France. Contents [hide] • 1 Etymology • 2 History • 3 Politics • 4 Geography o 4.1 Climate • 5 Administrative divisions o 5.1 Major cities • 6 Economy • 7 Demographics o 7.1 Ethnicity o 7.2 Health • 8 Religion o 8.1 Islam o 8.2 Christianity o 8.3 Other religions o 8.4 Bahá'í Faith • 9 Culture o 9.1 Education • 10 See also • 11 References • 12 External links [edit] Etymology Main article: :fr:Étymologie du nom Sénégal The origin of the name Senegal is controversial. One possible source is in 1850 in the abbot David Boilat's Esquisses sénégalaises ("Senegalese Sketches"), one sees a deformation of the wolof phrase suñu gaal, which means "our canoe". This is the version most often relayed in the media. This theory has been contested since the 1960s, and other etymologies have been advanced; for example, some state that the name is connected to that of a Berber tribe from the Sahara, the Zenaga. The scientific debate tends to favor the Zenaga theory today. [edit] History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) Main article: History of Senegal Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times. Eastern Senegal was once part of the Empire of Ghana. It was founded by the Tukulor in the middle valley of the Senegal River. Islam, the dominant religion in Senegal, first came to the region in the 11th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal also was founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved.[4] Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward, until in 1677, France ended up in possession of what had become a minor slave trade departure point—the island of Gorée next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.[5][6] The first kingdoms were created around the 7th century, the Tekrour, the Namandirou kingdom and then the Djolof with distant ties to the Ghana empire. In the 14th century the Djolof kingdom became a powerful empire having regrouped the Cayor, the Baol, the Sine and Saloum, the Waalo, the Fouta-Toro and the Bambouk kingdoms. The empire was founded by Ndiadiane N’diaye who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall. French colonialists progressively invaded and took over all kingdoms under their governor Louis Faidherbe. Islam was introduced in Senegal between the 8th and 9th century by Arab merchants. They peacefully converted the Toucouleurs and Sarakholles who in turn propagated it. Later on, in the 11th century, the Almoravids, with the help of the Toucouleurs used Jihad as a mean of conversion. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religion and caused them to moved away further in the country (Sineisties) and to the South( Casamance). Eventually, Arabs won a peaceful conversion thanks to the intervention of leaders like Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba ,El Hadj Malick Sy, and Seydina Limamou Laye who were able to convince their followers. They saw Islam as a way to unite and fight against colonial power. The populations were getting weary of repeated jihads and forced colonization. Europeans missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sine and Casamance in the 19th century. An emblematic figure of Casamance is Aline Sitoe Diatta, a woman who led the resistance movement against European colonialists.[citation needed] It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland (by now rid of slavery and promoting abolitionist doctrine), adding native chiefdoms such as Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. Senegalese chiefs' resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel (great chief) of Cayor. In January 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of the independence and the transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on August 20. Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) proclaimed independence. Léopold Senghor was proclaimed Senegal's first president in September 1960. Senghor was a very well read man, educated in France. He was a poet, a philosopher and personally drafted the Senegalese national anthem, "Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons". As such he was not really a politician but was handed the presidency by the French authorities who saw in him a brilliant and peaceful man and not a revolutionary like Ahmed Sekou Toure of the neighboring Guinea Later, after the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. Senghor always feared his Prime Minister who was a very charismatic figure and a hard-liner. In December 1962, he accused him of an attempted coup and Dia was wrongfully convicted of treason and briefly jailed. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the president's power. In 2006, the current president Abdoulaye Wade vacated the conviction and bestowed upon him a Medal of Honor. In 1980, President Senghor decided to retire from politics, and he handed power over in 1981 to his handpicked successor, Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia ran for reelection in 1983 against Abdou Diouf but lost. Senghor moved to France where he later died at the age of 96 having been married to a French woman. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the Casamance region had clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has had a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.[2] Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened uploads/Geographie/ senegal 1 .pdf