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N D I N A L U T S O R O P S A H O N D I N P E O V I M U P Area on Emergency Pre

N D I N A L U T S O R O P S A H O N D I N P E O V I M U P Area on Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Washington, D.C. • December 2011 Guidelines for Developing Emergency Simulations and Drills Also published in Spanish (2010) with the title: Guía para el desarrollo de simulaciones y simulacros de emergencias y desastres ISBN 978-92-75-33127-9 PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Guidelines for Developing Emergency Simulations and Drills Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011 ISBN: 978-92-75-13127-5 I. Title 1. DISASTER PLANNING 2. DISASTER EMERGENCIES – prevention & control 3. EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES – organization and management 4. DISASTERS – prevention & control 5. INSERVICE TRAINING 6. SIMULATION EXERCISE 7. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION – policies 8. GUIDELINE NLM WX 185 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Manage- ment and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area on Emer- gency Preparedness and Disaster Relief (phone: 202 974-3399; email: disaster-publications@paho.org) will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. © Pan American Health Organization, 2011. All rights reserved. Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the Pan American Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the Pan American Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the Pan American Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The production of this publication was made possible with financial support from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development (OFDA/USAID), and the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). Technical coordination: Gerardo Quirós, Alejandro Santander, and Ricardo Pérez, with assistance from Dana Van Alphen, Alex Solís, Magnolia Santamaria, and Susana Urbano. Editorial coordination: Ricardo Pérez, Amaia López, and Tilcia Delgado. Coordination for translation and adaptation to English: Lealou Reballos and Nicole Wynter, with assistance from BusinessTech Research Inc., Damian Henry, Rosario Muñoz, Adrianus Vlugman, and the Ministry of Health of Guyana. CONTENTS Introduction v I. Simulations 1 A. Objectives of simulations 1 B. Methodolgical features 1 C. Operational features 2 D. Value of simulations for preparedness and response 2 E. Organizational structure for simulation exercises 3 F. Planning and executing the simulation 3 II. Drills 11 A. Objectives of drills 11 B. Methodological characteristics 11 C. Operational characteristics 12 D. Value of drills for preparedness and response 12 E. Necessary conditions for carrying out drills 12 F. Types of drills 13 G. Organizational structure for drills 13 H. Preparing for and executing drills 14 Annexes Annex 1: Budget for preparing simulations and drills 25 Annex 2: Technical fact sheet for simulation exercises 26 Annex 3: Designation of the organizational structure for simulations 27 Annex 4: Assignment of roles in simulation exercises 28 Annex 5: Timeline for preparing simulation 29 Annex 6: Development of the scenario—Master list of events for simulation 30 Annex 7: Message card for simulation exercises 31 Annex 8: Simulation evaluation form 32 Annex 9: Example of a simulation (tabletop) exercise 34 Annex 10: Technical fact sheet for drills 56 Annex 11: Verification of conditions needed to prepare a drill 58 Annex 12: Designation of organizational structure for drills 59 Annex 13: Assigning roles for drills 61 Annex 14: Timeline for preparation of drills 62 Annex 15: Development of scenario—Master list of events in drill 63 Annex 16: Simulator card for drill 64 Annex 17: Verification of activities before drill 65 Annex 18: Evaluation form for drills 66 Annex 19: Example of a drill 68 Annex 20: Evaluation tool for drills 80 Terminology 91 Bibliography 94 v INTRODUCTION To respond effectively to the impact of disasters it is necessary to have a preparedness and response plan to facilitate organized and coordinated actions during an event. Plans are not theoretical exercises: they must be tested frequently so that they can be evaluated, adapted, and updated before and after an actual event. Simulation exercises and drills are among the most useful tools for evaluating and testing these plans, and they have been used systematically over the years by organizations that work in disaster preparedness and response. They are also excellent tools for training, for evaluating tools and procedures, for decision making exercises, for developing team work, and for inter- and intra-sectoral coordination. The Pan American Health Organization has worked with a group of experts from Latin America and the Caribbean to prepare a series of practical guidelines for planning and carrying out simulations and drills. This manual has the following objectives: To provide the conceptual framework and methodological aspects of simulations and drills, and to the identify skills and abilities that are necessary to carry them out. To guide the planning, design, organization, development, and evaluation of simulations and drills for emergencies and disasters. To provide practical tools for planning, design, organization, development and evaluation of drills and simulations. This handbook gives the guidelines for organizing, developing, and evaluating simulations and drills and describes different uses for the exercises in the context of emergencies and disasters. It has been written primarily for health sector organizations that are in the process of reviewing and updating emergency preparedness and response plans, but institutions from other sectors will also find it useful. Simulations and drills are used by different disciplines and in different professional settings, such as medicine, education, sociology, or economics. The concepts and definitions in the guidelines are used in the context of emergencies and disasters. There are three important parts to the guidelines. The first two sections introduce the concepts and methods that guide the design and development of simulations and drills. The second section (Annexes 1–19) includes forms that will assist in the practical and hands- on work of designing, carrying out, and evaluating exercises. Forms for two examples of actual exercises are included: a flood simulation and a drill for treating mass casualties. Annexes 1 to 9 pertain to simulation or tabletop exercises, and Annexes 10 to 19 pertain to drills. The third section (Annex 20) presents an evaluation tool for simulations/drills vi Guidelines for Developing Emergency Simulations and Drills that was developed in the Caribbean primarily for exercises involving mass casualties. It is a model that can be adapted to a variety of other simulation scenarios. PAHO/WHO would like to acknowledge the valuable support of the many people and institutions who participated in developing, reviewing, and providing technical validation of the contents of this document 1 Simulations I. Simulations A simulation is a tabletop exercise that recreates a hypothetical disaster scenario where a group of participants must make decisions based on information that they receive during the exercise. Each participant is assigned a role in the exercise that can match his or her actual occupation. The events in the exercise happen in “simulated time” (representing days or weeks), during which the players receive information about situations that might arise during an emergency or disaster. The exercise is based on a scenario and script of realistic events and participants are required to provide realistic responses. To have any validity, responses must be based on existing procedures and resources. This type of exercise aims to evaluate different reactions to particular circumstances as well as the effectiveness of coordination mechanisms. The results of the evaluation serve as lessons learned that can help in adapting and improving preparedness plans. A. Objectives of simulations Evaluate the decision-making capacity of personnel responsible for emergency and disaster preparedness and response, in the context of an organization’s existing emergency plans and procedures. Validate the emergency preparedness and response plan for a specific facility or organization. Test the effectiveness of mechanisms meant to coordinate the response of different sectors and agencies in emergency situations. Prepare persons who have decision-making authority to manage the crisis and manage information in emergency situations. B. Methodological features The uploads/Geographie/ simulations-guide.pdf