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Editors Annemiek van Boeijen Jaap Daalhuizen First compilation Wouter van der H

Editors Annemiek van Boeijen Jaap Daalhuizen First compilation Wouter van der Hoog Cartoons Floris Wiegerinck ‘How to images’ Anneleen Vanhoudt Claudia Runge Video clips (Internet) Alexander Ettema Frank Schoenmaker Lay-out Corrie van der Lelie © 2010 Faculteit Industrieel Ontwerpen ISBN/EAN: 978-90-5155-066-5 Colophon Acknowledgement This Delft Design Guide is the result of many years of experience from design students, professionals, researchers and tutors from the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology. Without their input via lectures, papers, books and interviews this compilation of design approaches and methods could not have been made. We would like to thank Norbert Roozenburg and Johannes Eekels (†), authors of the book we frequently refer to; ‘Product Design: Fundamentals and methods’. We also would like to thank other authors of books from our faculty; Wim Muller, Jan Buijs & Rianne Valkenburg and Paul Hekkert & Matthijs van Dijk & Peter Lloyd and Marc Tassoul. We thank Stefan van de Geer, Pieter Jan Stappers, Froukje Sleeswijk Visser, Koos Eisen, Corné Quartel, Conny Bakker, Kristina Lauche, Renee Wever, Ger Bruens and Rick Schifferstein for sharing their knowledge from lecturing and research. Special thanks to our design students who use the design approaches and methods in their learning process and provide us examples. For the video clips of professional designers in our Internet version of the Delft Design Guide we would like to thank Bruno Ninaber van Eyben (Studio Ninaber), Jeroen van Erp and Rene Bubberman (Fabrique), Oscar Toetenel (MMID), Abke Geels and Mark Assies (Flex/ the Innovationlab) and Sanne Kistemaker (Muzus). Finally we would like to thank all the people that in some-way contribute to product design approaches and methods. Delft, September 2010 A digital version of the Delft Design Guide is available on the Internet: TU Delft OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.tudelft.nl The Delft Design Guide The design methods presented in this book can be very useful for you as a designer, both during your time as a student and as a practitioner. Our aim is that you will use it as a source and reference during and after your design education to gradually build a repertoire of different ways of approaching the design of products. It is crucial to be aware of two issues before starting to use the Delft Design Guide: First, design methods are not recipes for success, just like strictly following a cooking recipe is not a guarantee for good food. Methods will help to bring structure to your thinking and actions (so you will be reminded of essential steps, work efficient, achieve your goals without too many detours, communicate with your team or client more easily, so you will not drown in the complexity of designing). Reflecting critically on the path you choose to take and the methods that you use is a competence that you mostly learn by experience. Second, there are many ways to accomplish something. You yourself will need to learn how to find an appropriate approach for each new situation that you will encounter. To be able to perform well, you need to adapt any method to the specific situation that you are dealing with. The selection of an appropriate approach depends on your goal or task, the circumstances, your personality, background and experiences, etc. For every combination of designer, design problem and environment there will be multiple applicable methods that all have their own benefits and limitations. The more methods you have experienced, the better you know which way(s) of working fit you and thus the better you will be able to approach design problems effectively and efficiently. Designing is changing existing situations into preferred ones Designing in the widest sense of the word, is “changing existing situations into preferred ones” (Simon, 1996 pp.111). This means that designing is a way of thinking and acting that is aimed at understanding and intervening in the world around us through the design of products that aim to help satisfy people’s needs and wishes. Characteristic for design education in Delft is the focus on the design process. By teaching design methods we aim to educate designers that have a fluent control of design processes and through that can come to successful design projects. Designing is dealing with uncertainty Designing distinguishes itself from other disciplines by the combination of a number of activities, for example: visualizing, creative thinking, empathizing with the user, reasoning from function to form (innoduction). But in essence, designing is an activity that is supposed to lead to new possibilities and an embodiment of those possibilities. That means that designing asks you to deal with uncertainty – to play with possibilities – to come to new insights that can lead to innovations. As a designer you have the difficult task to understand the world around you and at the same time to create new products that change the current world. How does that work? You could ask yourself a number of questions like: • Is there a specific way of thinking of designers? How is their mind set? • How do I need to act to come to good results? Which steps do I take? Which phases will I go through? • How do I determine the boundaries of the context I am designing for? • How can I map the ‘world’ of the user? • When can I stop analyzing and start creating? • How do I generate solutions? • When is my design proposal good enough to present to others? • How do I choose between a variety of solutions? Introduction Delft Design Guide Delft Design Guide | Introduction Delft Design Guide | Introduction Design methods and tools can help you answer these and many other questions. The Delft Design Guide contains most methods that are used in the education in Delft and that often have been developed in Delft! Designing is situated Why do we need so many different design methods? Why is there not one method that fits all? Although designing is a distinct type of activity – i.e. different from accounting, or construction, etc - design processes can have different forms (Visser, 2009), depending on the specific combination of a designer and the designer’s situation. A designer that is designing a surgical instrument for the Dutch market with a series size of one hundred will show a different process than an interdisciplinary team of nine people that is developing the new customer experience for Schiphol airport. This is something you will probably recognize from experience: on a detailed level every design process is different. But as we zoom out, more and more commonalities between design processes become visible. For example, both designers will probably start with analyzing the problem, both will subsequently start generating possible solutions, simulate and evaluate these solutions, and so forth. Although we admit that some – usually experienced - designers do not always start analyzing extensively but immediately come up with a preliminary design. If we zoom out to a more abstract level, we can see specific activities and ways of thinking that might be valuable to apply in other design situations as well. The field of study that focuses on these issues is called design methodology. It aims at understanding the complex discipline of designing and develops methods that can help in teaching and supporting designers. It aims to study and describe the structure of design processes that is common to successful performance. That knowledge can then be used to develop methods. In turn, these methods can help designers to understand and execute design projects in efficient and effective ways. Although many methods can be used in multiple domains, they are often intended for a class of activities, for example for product design or service design or architecture. However… it is important to understand that a method exists on paper only. A method is an abstract description of a possible structure that can be applied to one’s thinking and actions. They are not recipes that tell you exactly what to do; rather they enable you to focus your mind on certain activities and information - in a certain order - to bring structure to your actions. Ultimately, you will be the one that acts. You can apply a method to guide your thinking and steer your actions, but a method is not the same as your activities or your thinking. The function of the Design Guide The curriculum at the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering has been organized in such a way that you will experience a number of different situations that you might encounter in practice, and a number of methods that can help you to structure your thoughts and actions appropriately in those situations. It is a school that aims to produce designers that are capable of designing complex products (or services) through a thorough understanding and control of design processes. Of course there are many topics that you learn about, for example ergonomics, mathematics, material science, production technology, etc. but most of the design related courses teach you various aspects of designing through uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ delft-design-guide.pdf