Remerciez-le!

Remerciez @Admin pour avoir partagé cet document gratuitement, de la manière la plus simple, en partageant sur les réseaux sociaux.

EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE Highly Pat

EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) · What influenza A types infect birds? Which hemagglutinin types do HPAI viruses almost always have? Which subtypes played a role in the HPAI outbreak in the United States? Which subtype was the main virus in the 2015 outbreak in the Midwestern United States? · Describe how the HPAI virus in the 2015 outbreak was introduced into the United States, from where, and where it spread to in the United States. · Explain how HPAI is transmitted and the species involved. · Explain the challenges of response to this outbreak. Describe how responders were eventually able to eliminate the virus from the Midwest. · Describe the economic impact of the outbreak and how it affected commercial and backyard flocks. · What are some positive outcomes relating to preparedness plans and efforts have resulted from this outbreak? Canine Influenza · Compare and contrast canine influenza strains H3N2 and H3N8 as described in the incursion using the following table: H3N2 canine influenza H3N8 canine influenza Geographic location of origin Species jump to canines Clinical signs and susceptible species (which one is a concern for cats?) Date the virus emerged in dogs in the United States and its distribution in the United States Routes of transmission and conditions that increase risk of disease What are important prevention and control practices? Is it zoonotic? Is it reportable? · New World Screwworm · Describe a screwworm infestation including etiology, route of infestation, clinical signs, susceptible species, and treatment. · Describe the detection and collection steps that are important for diagnosing screwworm. Where are samples sent for confirmatory diagnosis? © 2017 CFSPH page 1 of 7 EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE · Describe the APHIS regulations of inspection and importation of animals affected with screwworm. · Between 2000 and 2012, how many screwworm infestations in the United States were identified by private practitioners? Note: On October 3, 2016, USDA confirmed a New World Screwworm incursion in Florida. The response included release of millions of sterile flies, inspection checkpoints, surveillance, and administration of anti- parasitic medicine to Key deer. For information about the 2016 incursion, go to USDA APHIS New World Screwworm. The New World Screwworm Story Map found on that site is very good. Chronic Disease •Multi-focal erythema –Ears, abdomen –Raised or necrotic areas •Intermittent, low fever •Coughing •Painless joint swelling •Emaciation, stunting •Death Subacute –Similar to acute form, but symptoms less severe –Pigs may survive •Chronic –Anorexia, depression, fever, diarrhea –Poor reproductive performance including abortions, stillbirths, and deformities –Persistently infected piglets © 2017 CFSPH page 2 of 7 EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE Swine Fevers: African Swine Fever (ASF) and Classical Swine Fever (CSF) · Analyze the ASF and CSF disease incursions using the following table: ASF CSF Etiologic agent African swine fever results from infection by the African swine fever virus, which belongs to the genus Asfivirus in the family Asfarviridae. Classical swine fever (hog cholera) results from infection by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus and family Flaviviridae. Clinical signs Clinical signs –High fever –Moderate anorexia –Erythema, cyanosis –Recumbency –Bloody diarrhea –Abortion –Death Chronic:Multi-focal erythema –Ears, abdomen –Raised or necrotic areas •Intermittent, low fever •Coughing •Painless joint swelling •Emaciation, stunting •Death High fever (105oF) •Huddling, weakness •Anorexia •Conjunctivitis •Diarrhea •Staggering •Cyanosis •Skin hemorrhages •Death Subacute –Similar to acute form, but less severe –Pigs may survive •Chronic –Anorexia, depression, fever, diarrhea –Poor reproductive performance: including abortions, stillbirths, and deformities –Persistently infected piglets Route(s) of transmission Direct contact –Usually oronasal •Indirect –Uncooked garbage –Fomites –Bite of infected ticks –Mechanically by biting flies •Found in all tissues and body fluids Highly contagious –Blood, saliva, urine, feces, tissues •Transmission –Ingestion of contaminated garbage or meat products –Direct or indirect contact (fomites) –Less common: aerosol, semen, vectors •Infected pigs are the only reservoir Species affected Por Por © 2017 CFSPH page 3 of 7 EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE What was the likely route of entry of the virus into the country? The feeding of garbage from international airplanes or ships has been implicated in other outbreaks of ASF, including those in Portugal (1957), Cuba (1971 and 1978), Malta, Sardinia, Brazil and the Dominican Republic (1978), and Belgium (1985.) Te frst cases of ASF appeared on the west coast, suggesting a connection to the port city of Poti, located on the Black Sea. Tough details are lacking, it has been suggested that the ASF virus was introduced to Georgia via virus contaminated garbage (swill) from international ships. Tis swill may have been fed to pigs living near the port, or ingested by free-roaming pigs. Te origin of the virus in this outbreak and its route of introduction were not established with complete certainty. However, the evidence strongly suggested that CSF virus had not been introduced in infected pigs, contaminated vaccines or biological products or by contact with feral pigs, contaminated vehicles or personnel, or discharges of efuent. It is more likely that the infection was introduced in contaminated pig meat in food discarded by people; surveillance of domestic pigs, including backyard pigs. Weeks after the confrmation of CSF in the wild boars in Latvia, the disease was reported in backyard domestic pigs on three farms nearby. An epidemiologic investigation suggested these backyard pigs may have been infected by untreated food waste from hunter- killed wild boar. What country(ies) did the virus likely come from based on analysis and tracing? Recent outbreaks –The Caucasus •Georgia •Armenia •Southwest Russia Endemic –Southern Africa –Island of Sardinia (Italy) Latvia South & Central America, Mexico •Parts of Africa and Caribbean islands •Much of Asia •Recent outbreaks –Russia –Bulgaria What other countries were impacted by the incursion described? into the Caucasus and spread to Russia and Eastern Europe —Russia, Belarus, Poland Latvia, Estonia The feeding of garbage from international airplanes or ships has been implicated in other outbreaks of ASF, including those in Portugal (1957), Cuba (1971 and 1978), Malta, Sardinia, Brazil and the Dominican Republic (1978), and Belgium (1985.) U.K What was the impact of the disease economically and on animal health? What was the country’s response to the incursion, e.g. stamping out (slaughter), movement restrictions, treatment, etc. Georgian authorities stamped out these outbreaks with a combination of: -movement controls, -disinfection, -quarantines, - zoning, direct costs for depopulation, indemnity payments, animal disposal, disinfection, and movement control measures. Additional indirect costs would be incurred by consumers and related sectors of the economy, such as feed producers and suppliers. © 2017 CFSPH page 4 of 7 EEDA/IAT Web-Based Course INCURSIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES/STUDY GUIDE Is there a vaccine available? N Y · Source: Adapted by Dara NeubauerFirst outbreaks occurred in Georgia in 2007-2008 The feeding of garbage from international airplanes or ships has been implicated in other outbreaks of ASF, including those in Portugal (1957), Cuba (1971 and 1978), Malta, Sardinia, Brazil and the Dominican Republic (1978), and Belgium (1985.) Te origin of the virus in this outbreak and its route of introduction were not established with complete certainty. However, the evidence strongly suggested that CSF virus had not been introduced in infected pigs, contaminated vaccines or biological products or by contact with feral pigs, contaminated vehicles or personnel, or discharges of efuent. It is more likely that the infection was introduced in contaminated pig meat in food discarded by people; an incursion of African swine fever into the Caucasus and spread to Russia and Eastern Europe and an incursion of classical swine fever in the United Kingdom. While the clinical disease caused by these two viruses Briefly describe the prevention and surveillance plans the United States has in place to prevent and/or rapidly detect introduction of a CSF or ASF outbreak into the United States. • CSF surveillance is proactively conducted in the United States through the Classical Swine Fever Surveillance Program. • This program conducts surveillance in fve swine populations • through tissue and serology samples: • Sick animals submitted to diagnostic laboratories, • • Swine condemned at slaughter by USDA FSIS, • High-risk swine populations, including waste-feeding operations and high risk swine herds, • Feral swine• Swine FAD investigations submitted to FADDL as suspicious for CSF. In the event of a CSF outbreak, additional, targeted surveillance would occur with the objective of not only detecting CSF- infected swine, but to determine the extent of the outbreak. Monkeypox · Describe some basic characteristics of monkeypox including etiology, transmission, species affected, zoonotic potential, clinical signs, and reportability. · Explain how monkeypox entered the United States and how it spread. Include information about the regulations for importing small mammals from Africa and the movement of the animals after importation. · Describe the steps the United States took to contain and eradicate the disease including vaccination and treatment of animals from the original shipment, animals suspected of having monkeypox, and animals suspected of being exposed to monkeypox. · Explain some of the key factors that allowed for successful eradication of monkeypox from the United uploads/Ingenierie_Lourd/ incursions-learning-objectives-study-guide-eeda-iat-web-based-course.pdf