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1+1 Nalional Library of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions an

1+1 Nalional Library of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ortawa. Ontario Onawa (Ontario) K1AON4 K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original thesis submitted for microfilming. Every effort has been made to ensure the highest quality of reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the degree. Sorne pages may have indistinct print especially if the original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or if the university sent us an inferior photocopy. Reproduction in full or in part of this microform is governed by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C·30, and subsequent amendments. Canada La qualité de cette microforme dépend grandement de la qualité de la thèse soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout fait pour assurer une qualité supérieure de reproduction. S'il manque des pages, veuillez communiquer avec l'université qui a conféré le grade. La qualité d'impression de certaines pages peut laisser à . désirer, surtout si les pages originales ont été dactylographiées à l'aide d'un ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. La reproduction, même partielle, de cette mlcroforme est soumise à la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C·30, et ses amendements subséquents. .' DESCENT AND DISSENT: NIETZSCHE'S READING OF TWO FRENCH MORALISTS RUTH ABBEY Department of Political Science McGill University, Montreal August 1994 A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of PhD. (c) Ruth Abbey, 1994 .+. National Ubrary Of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie SerJices Bra~ch des services bibliographiques 395 Welli~ton Street 395, rue Wellington Dnawa.Onlarîo Ottawa (Ontario) K1AON4 K1AON4 Your Me VOU~ "'flrMee THE AUTHOR HAS GRANTED AN IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL LffiRARY OF CANADA TO REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRIBUTE OR SELL COPIES OF mS/HER THESIS BY ANY MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR FORMAT, MAKING TmS THESIS AVA..TLABLE TO INTERESTED PERSONS. THE AUTHOR RETAINS OWNERSHIP OF THE COPYRIGHT IN mS/HER THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHERWISE REPRODUCED WITHOUT HIS/HER PERMISSION. L'AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE PERMETTANT A LA BffiLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRIBUER OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA THESE DE QUELQUE MANIERE ET SOUS QUELQUE FORME QUE CE SOIT POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE CETTE THESE A LA DISPOSITION DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE- CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU AUTREMENT REPRODUITS SANS SON AUTORISATION. ISBN 0-612-05658-9 Canad~ • • ABSTRACT This dissertation reads Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) as a reader of two French moralists - François de la Rochefoucauld (1613-80) and Sebastien Roch Nicolas Chamfort (1741-94). The works of Nietzsche's middle period are studied - Human. Ali too Human (1879), Daybreak (1881) and The Gay Science (1882). The study argues that reading Nietzsche ~~ a descendant of and dissenter from the moralist tradition sheds new light on his thought and brings certain toncepts into focus. The key concepts and questions explored are: morality. egoism, vanity and self-love, pitY and its cognate emotions, friendship, aristocracy, honour, women, marriage and gender relations. Throughout the dissertation the impact that reading the moralists had on Nietzsche's style is also examined. It is argued that a concern with justice is the 'bas:'J continuo' of the middle period, continuously present and working itself out in the background of these texts. Furthermore, one of the innovative ways Nietzsche expresses this concern is via spatial metaphors. RÉSUMÉ Cette dissertation regarde Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) comme lecteur de deux moralistes français - François de la Rochefoucauld (1613-80) et Sebastien Roch Nicolas Chamfort (1741-94). Les trois livres de 'la period positiviste' de Nietzsche sont étudiés: Humain Trop Humain (1879), L'Aube (1881) et Le Gai Savoir (1882). Il est suggéré que quand on lit Nietzsche dans la tradition moraliste on voit comment certains idées et thèmes sont importants. Les concepts majeurs de cette dissertation sont: la vie morale, l'égoïsme, la vanité et l'amour-propre, la pitié, l'amitié, l'aristocratie, l'honneur, les femmes et le mariage et la famille. Parce que Nietzsche a aussi été frappé par l'aphorisme, la dissertation éxamine les questions du style. Il est suggéré d'ailleurs que le problème de la justice e~t la 'basso continuo' de cette periode et il est montré que quand Nietzsche discute la justice, il emploie les métaphores spatiales. • • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS l want ta thank, first and foremost, my supervisor Charles Taylor for his support and assistance in (he preparation of this dissertation and througl;out the years of my graduate studies at McGiil. Innumerable thanks must go 100 to my husband, Jeremy Moon, for his support. Completing a PhD dissertation also marks thc end of a longer process uf graduate work and l want to thank the people who have supportcd and encouraged me during those years. Thanks are owed to the political theory teachers at McGiIl - James Tully, James Booth and John Shingler - each of whom has encouraged me by word or example. l am also grateful to Michael Brecher for encouragement and support. l am indebted too to my fellow students, l'rom whom l have learned so much. In particular l want to acknowledge Fred Appel, Natalie Brendel', Mike Lusztig, Ann Martin, Mayo Moran and Helen O'Grady. l am also grateful to Doug Cooper and Bill Dodge for their abiding friendship and to Muffy Brown for her yJnd offers of help in the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks 100 to Campbell Sharman for his computer rescue services. For funding during my graduate studies l am grateful to the Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan, the McGiIl University Women's Ccntennial Fellowship and the McGill University Principal's Dissertation Fellowship. 1am also grateful to the Political Science Department of the University of Western Australia for giving me Honorary Research Associate status while writing my dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Chapter One Dialogues with the Dead: 12 Nietzsche and the French Moralists. Chapter Two From Salon to Civilization: 37 Nietzsche's approach to morality Chapter Three If brevity be the soul: 89 A word about style. • Chapter Four Ali is not Vanity: 107 Egoism, Self-love and Vanity. Chapter Five The greatest danger: 142 PitY and its fellow concepts. Chapter Six Equal among tïrsts: 167 Friendship. Chapter Seven Born Aristocrats of the spirit: 213 Nietzsche's new nobility. • Chapter Eight Applause: 261 Honour and autonomy. Chapter Nine One cannot be too kind: 280 Nietzsche on women. Chapter Ten The soul-friendship of two people of differing sex: 322 Love, marriage and reproduction. Conclusion 364 Bibliography 369 • • Introduction. (S]ome of the greatest achievements in philosophy eould only he compared with taking up sorne books which seemcd to bclong logcthcr. and putting them on differentlshelves; nothing more bcing final ahout their positions than that they no longer lie side by sidc. Thc onlookcr who doesn't know the difficulty of the task might wcll think in sueh a case that nothing at all had been achieved - the difficulty in philosophy is to say no mor~ than wc know. Eg. to see that whcn wc have put two books together in their right order we have not thereby put them in their final places. (Wittgenstein 1972:44/5) While not comparabie to a great achievement in philosophy. this dissertation reshelves some of the works of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) by placing them aIong side the works of two French moralists, François de la Rochefoucauld (1613-80) and Sebastien Roch Nicolas Chamfort (1741-94). Il aims to show that reading Nietzsche in this way, as taking up sorne of the moralists' concerns about and approaches to morallife, brings certain themcs, ideas and concepts l'rom his work ;nto sharper focus and reveals a Nietzsche !ittle known to the sccondary !iterature. Because the scope of even a doctoral dissertation is too lilOited to consider what impact reading these thinkers might have had on Nietzsche's oeuvre, at least with the detail such a study warrants, only the works of Nietzsche's 'middle' or 'positivist' peril'd will be considered. Closc readings of Human. All 1'00 Human (l8'{)), (which includes "Assorted Opinions and Maxims" and "The Wanderer and His Shadow"), Daybreak (1881) and The Gay Science (1882) will be offered' and it will be argued that although the works of the middle period tend to be neglected in commentary on Nietzsche, they are rich and fruitful books, deserving "lo"er attention. As will be illustr2ted throughout this dissertation, the middle pcriod is not the mere intermezzo between The Birth of Tragedy and Thus Spoke Zarathûstra that sorne critics suggest (Del Caro 1989:158-9,161-2.Dannhauser 1974:158). Nor is it simply a prelude to Nietzsche's 'mature' works. Rather 1 Only the first four books of Science will be included as Book Five, "We Fearless Ones", was written in 1887. al'ter uploads/Litterature/ descent-and-dissent-nietzsches-reading-of-two-french-moralists.pdf