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Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ The Institute for

Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture Oslo Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning Serie B: Skrifter LXXIV Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ Norwegian N p University Press LJ: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture Norwegian University Press (Universitetsforlaget AS), 0608 Oslo 6 Distributed world-wide excluding Scandinavia by Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP London New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Mexico City Nicosia © The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture 1987 This book is a revised version of the author’s Einführung in die Laryngaltheorie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (Sammlung Göschen Bd. 1247/1247A) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Norwegian University Press (Universitetsforlaget AS) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lindeman, Fredrik Otto Introduction to the ‘Laryngeal Theory’. 1. Proto-Indo-European language—Laryngeals I. Title 414 P572 ISBN 82-00-18459-5 ISBN 82-00-02628-0 Pbk Printed in Denmark by P . J. Schmidt A/S, Vojens Contents Preface ......................................................................................... 7 A bbreviations............................................................................. 9 Note on the Use of S ym bols............................................. 17 I General observations on the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ . . . 19 §1-3 Introduction......................................................... 19 §4-9 Main features of the ‘Laryngeal Theory’ .......... 21 §10-14 Ferdinand de Saussure ..................................... 24 II On the necessity of recognizing the actual existence of ‘laryngeals’ in Early-Indo-European . ................. 29 §15-19 The ablaut of the disyllabic or ‘heavy’ bases 29 §20-22 Hittite h ................................................................ 32 III ‘Laryngeal’ reflexes found in the various IE. lan guages .................................................................................. 35 §23 Preliminary remark .................................................. 35 §24-32 ‘Laryngeals’ initially in the position before a following syllabic sound .................................................. 36 § 33-36 ‘Laryngeals’ in internal position between syl labic sounds ........................................................................ 44 §37 ‘Laryngeals’ in the position after a non-syllabic and before a syllabic so u n d ....................................... 48 §38-46 ‘Laryngeals’ in the position after a full grade vowel and before a non-syllabic sound (or in word- final position)................................................................ 50 §47-51 ‘Laryngeals’ in the position after a syllabic resonant and before a non-syllabic sound (or in word- final position)................................................................ 59 § 52-54 ‘Laryngeal’ m etathesis.................................. 65 §55-59 Assimilation of a ‘laryngeal’ and *y or *w . 67 § 60-65 The ‘natural’ long diphthongs of Indo-Euro pean ...................................................................................... 71 §66-70 Prothetic vowels in Greek and Armenian . . 75 §71-72 The Balto-Slavic in to n atio n s........................... 86 §73-75 The voiceless aspirates of Indo-Iranian . . . . 88 §76-77 On some mediae aspiratae in Indo-Iranian . 91 §78-83 ‘Hardening’ of certain ‘laryngeals’ to k or g 94 § 84-88 ‘Laryngeals’ in the position between non-syl- labics .................................................................................... 98 IV Phonology and ‘laryngeals’ ............................................. 107 § 89-95 On the phonemic status of th e ‘laryngeals’ . 107 §96-103 Conclusions ....................................................... 114 Select B ibliography............................................... 121 Index verborum ........................................................................ 131 Index nominum ........................................................................ 153 Preface This book is a revised edition of my previous work Einführung in die Laryngaltheorie, Berlin 1970; much new material has been added and some passages from the first edition have been removed. The ‘Laryngeal Theory’ is a powerful tool which is in constant use in the field of Indo-European studies. The theory, however, appears in many forms which occasionally may be mutually conflicting. Students of our discipline may therefore have diffi culties in finding their way through this diversity. It is my hope that the present edition can be of some help in this respect. The presentation will necessarily be dominated by my per sonal views on the ‘Laryngeal Theory’, but I have tried to consider diverging views and hypotheses with an objective and critical mind. Some suggestions which I have found of little value, have been left out of my discussion. The word ‘laryngeal’ always appears between inverted commas when referring to the Indo-European ‘laryngeals’ whose phonetic nature is yet unknown. A special word of thanks to my colleague and friend Harald Bjorvand, who has gone through much of the new text and given me valuable pedagogical advice. Above all I am indebted to Professor Erich Neu (Ruhr-Universität-Bochum) for his en couragement and valuable assistance with the Anatolian m a terial. My manuscript was completed in March 1987. Fredrik Otto Lindeman Abbreviations AAL = Annual o f Armenian Linguistics ActOr = Acta Orientalia AIO N Sezione Linguistica = Annali dell’ Istituto Orientale di Napoli. Sezione Linguistica Anttila, Schwebeablaut — Raimo Anttila, Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut, (University of California Publications Linguistics 58), 1969 AO = Archiv Orientâlni ArchLing = Archivum Linguisticum BBCS = The Bulletin o f the Board o f Celtic Studies. University of Wales Beekes, Development = R. S. P. Beekes, The Development o f the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek, (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata, Series Practica 42), 1969 Benveniste, H I — Émile Benveniste, Hittite et indo-européen, Paris 1962 Benveniste, Origines = Émile Benveniste, Origines de la forma tion des noms en indo-européen, Paris, 1935 BiOr = Bibliotheca Orientalis Bono homini donum = Bono homini donum. Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory o f J. Alexander Kerns, 1981 Brugmann, Grdr = Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, 2. Auflage, Strassburg, 1897-1916 BSL = Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris BSOAS = Bulletin of the School o f Oriental and African Studies, London Chantraine, Dictionnaire = Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. Paris 1968-1980 10 INTRODUCTION TO THE ‘LARYNGEAL THEORY’ Corolla linguistica = Corolla linguistica, Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer, Wiesbaden, 1955 Couvreur, Hett H = Walter Couvreur, De Hettitische H, een bijdrag tot de Studie van het Indo-Europeesche Vocalisme, (Bibliothèque du Muséon 5), Louvain, 1937 ÉC = Études Celtiques, Paris EngStud = Englische Studien, Heilbronn Ériu = Ériu founded as the Journal o f the School o f Irish Learn ing Devoted to Irish Philology and Literature, Dublin EvfL = Evidence for Laryngeals, second edition edited by Wer ner Winter (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata. Series Maior XI), 1965 Fachtagung V = Flexion und Wortbildung. Akten der V Fachta gung der indogermanischen Gesellschaft Regensburg, 9-14 Sep tember 1973, Wiesbaden 1975 Fachtagung VI = Lautgeschichte und Etymologie. Akten der VI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Wien, 24-29 September 1978, Wiesbaden, 1980 Festschrift Neumann = Serta Indogermanica. Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 60. Geburtstag, hsgg. von J.Tischler, Innsbruck, 1982 Festschrift Otten = Festschrift Heinrich Otten, 1973, hsgg. von E. Neu und Christel Rüster Festschrift Szemerényi = Studies in Diachronie, Synchronic, and Typological Linguistics. Festschrift für Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion o f the 65th Birthday. 2 Vols., Amsterdam, 1979 FlorAnat = Florilegium Anatolicum, Mélanges offerts à Emman uel Laroche, Paris, 1979 Friedrich, HethWb = Johannes Friedrich, Hethitisches Wör terbuch, Heidelberg, 1952 Gamkrelidze, Laringal’ naja Teorija = T. V . Gamkrelidze, Chetts- kij Jazyk i laringal'naja Teorija (Akademija Nauk Gruzinskoj SSR), Tbilisi, 1960 Gedenkschrift Kronasser = Investigationes Philologicae et Com- parativae. Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, hsgg. von E.Neu, Wiesbaden, 1982 Godel, Introduction = R.Godel, An Introduction to the Study o f Classical Armenian, Wiesbaden, 1975 HdO = Handbuch der Orientalistik Hethldg = Hethitisch und Indogermanisch. Vergleichende Studi- ABBREVIATIONS 11 en zur historischen Grammatik und zur dialektgeographischen Stellung der indogermanischen Sprachgruppe Altkleinasiens, hsgg. von E. Neu und W. Meid (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. 25), 1979 Hirt, IdgGr = Hermann Hirt, Indogermanische Grammatik, 7 Bd., Heidelberg, 1927-37 HSCPh = Harvard Studies in Classical Philology IF — Indogermanische Forschungen IIJ = Indo-Iranian Journal Ivanov, Obsceindoevropejskaja = V . Vs. Ivanov, Obsceindoevro- pejskaja praslavjanskaja i anatolijskaja jazykovye sistemy, Moskva, 1965 JAOS = Journal o f the American Oriental Society JIFS = The Journal o f Indo-European Studies JL = Journal o f Linguistics Kammenhuber, Hethitisch = Annelies Kammenhuber, Hethi- tisch, Palaisch, Luwisch und Hieroglyphenluwisch, HdO, 1. Abt., 2. Bd., 1. und 2. Abschnitt, 1969, pp. 119-355 Kratylos = Kratylos. Kritisches Berichts- und Rezensionsorgan für indogermanische und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Wies baden Kronasser, EH S = Heinz Kronasser, Etymologie der hethitisch- en Sprache, Wiesbaden, 1962 ff Kronasser, VLFH = Heinz Kronasser, Vergleichende Laut- und Formenlehre des Hethitischen, Heidelberg, 1956 Kurylowicz, Apophonie = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Lapophonie en indo-européen, Wroclaw, 1956 Kurylowicz, ÉI — Jerzy Kurylowicz, Études Indoeuropéennes I, Krakow, 1935 Kurylowicz, IdgGr 2 = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Indogermanische Grammatik 2. Akzent. Ablaut, Heidelberg, 1968 Kurylowicz, Problèmes = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Problèmes de lingu istique indo-européenne (Polska Akademia Nauk Komitet Jçzykoznawstwa Prace Jçzykoznawcze 90), Wroclaw, 1977 K Z = Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (begründet von A. Kuhn) Lang = Language, Journal o f the Linguistic Society o f America, Baltimore Laroche, DLL = Emmanuel Laroche, Dictionnaire de la langue louvite, Paris, 1959 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE ‘LARYNGEAL THEORY’ Lehmann, PIEPh = Winfred P. Lehmann, Proto-Indo-European Phonology, Austin, 1955 Lejeune, Phonétique historique = Michel Lejeune, Phonétique historique du mycénien et du grec ancien, Paris, 1972 Lindeman, EL uploads/Litterature/ lindeman-laryngeal-theory.pdf