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King's College STUDY GUIDE # 11 D. Leonard Corgan Library Wilkes-Barre, PA 1871

King's College STUDY GUIDE # 11 D. Leonard Corgan Library Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711 PREPARING FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY TURABIAN - CHICAGO FORMAT The following guidelines and examples are based on Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 7th edition (2007), which is shelved in Ready Reference (near the Reference Desk) by the call number is R 378.242 T849M6. WHAT SHOULD BE CITED? In conducting your research, you will be using materials that have been created and published by other authors. To avoid plagiarizing, you must cite any information that you obtain and use from another source, including facts, statistics, ideas, opinions, direct quotations, paraphrased material, illustrations, and any other information written or created by someone else. However, common knowledge (information which any adult ought to know - such as “the sun rises in the east”) should not be cited. Turabian’s Manual for Writers offers the following advice about when to cite a source: Here is the best way to think about this: If the person whose work you used read your report, would she recognize any of it as hers, including paraphrases and summaries, or even general ideas or methods? If so, you must cite that source and enclose any sequence of her exact words in quotation marks or set them off in a block quotation. 1 Conscientious citing gives credit to the person (or group) responsible for the ideas or opinions and indicates your integrity as an author. When you fail to cite any material that is not your own, you are plagiarizing. FORMAT OF CITATIONS Writers should determine which style of documentation is required by their professor, department, or academic discipline. In addition to the Turabian - Chicago style, other popular styles include the MLA format (Modern Language Association) and the APA format (American Psychological Association). There are also styles that are preferred for scientific or medical writing. These study guides may not answer all of your questions about citations. In that case, you should refer to the current edition of the appropriate style manual, located in the Ready Reference area of the Library, or consult a Reference Librarian. Note: This guide explains the note/ bibliography citation style, which is the style used most often in the humanities (history, philosophy, religion, literature, language study, etc.) If you are instructed to use the author/ date method (also known as parenthetical citations), see page 11 of this guide for a description and examples. For greater detail, consult Chapter 18 of the Turabian manual, or Study Guide #15, which covers the MLA format. 1Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 7th ed. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 2007), 80. 2 WHAT ARE FOOTNOTES or ENDNOTES? A footnote is a note of reference, explanation, or comment that is placed at the bottom of a page. It serves as an appendage to the text, usually explaining a passage in greater detail, citing authority for a statement, or providing illustrations to clarify the text. An endnote is similar to a footnote, and the same format is used for both, but the list of notes is placed at the end of the paper, just before the Bibliography or Works Cited list. Besides providing the source of a quotation or the authority for a statement of fact or opinion, notes (whether footnotes or endnotes) may also include helpful information that might otherwise interfere with the flow of the main body of text. Notes should be numbered consecutively starting from Arabic numeral 1. Each numeral indicating a note appears in two places in your paper. The first numeral is placed in the text at the end of material cited and slightly above the line (a “superscript”). The second is just before the note as shown below. (Modern word processing programs are designed to automatically insert and number footnotes.) Spacing: Footnotes and endnotes are usually single-spaced, with double-spaces between notes. Notes are to be indented the same amount as the text, usually five spaces. The number of spaces is not mandated, but it is important to be consistent. The entries in the bibliography are also single-spaced with a double space separating entries. They are to be written with a hanging indent. WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY? A bibliography is an alphabetical list of sources that are cited in a paper. The list may also include sources that were consulted but not cited. 2 The examples below illustrate the differences in the formats for notes, whether footnotes or endnotes, and entries in bibliographies. NOTE FORM main title publishing data indent 5 spaces comma (italicized) in parentheses 1Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 47- 48. publisher commas pagination period used only at end of entry BIBLIOGRAPHY FORM order reversed author title publishing data for alphabetizing Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counter Culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969. second line indented no parentheses 2Turabian, 147. 3 CITING THE SAME SOURCE MORE THAN ONCE When citing the same work the second or third time, cite it in shortened form. Repeat the author's last name (or if the work is unsigned, a shortened form of the title) and the page number you are citing. If you have used more than one book or article by the same author, repeat the author's last name and a short form of the title, plus the page number, to be certain the reader can recognize which work is cited. “A shortened note should include enough information for readers to find the full citation in the bibliography or in an earlier note.” Using “Ibid.” offers another option for writing a shortened note. Since “Ibid. is an abbreviation for “ibidem,” Latin for “in the same place,” use it only when the same source is cited as in the immediately previous note. Include the page number when it differs from the previous note. Be sure to ask you professor’s preference about using just the author shortened form alone or including the additional option of “Ibid.” FIRST REFERENCE TO A BOOK 1Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 52. SECOND REFERENCE IF ONE BOOK BY AN AUTHOR IS CITED 2Frye, 76. OR - if the same work is cited in the next note, and the option is allowed, 2Ibid., 76. SECOND REFERENCE IF SEVERAL BOOKS BY AN AUTHOR ARE CITED 3Frye, Anatomy, 76. FIRST REFERENCE TO PERIODICAL ARTICLE 4L. J. Morrissey, "Anonymous Ballad Opera," Notes and Queries 19 (June 1972): 223. SECOND REFERENCE IF ONLY ONE ARTICLE BY AUTHOR IS CITED 5Morrissey, 224. SECOND REFERENCE IF CITING MORE THAN ONE ARTICLE BY AN AUTHOR 6Morrissey, "Anonymous Ballad," 224. SAMPLE NOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMATS BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR NOTE 7Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969), 47-8. BIBLIOGRAPHY Roszak, Theodore. The Making of a Counter Culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969. 4 BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR (later edition) NOTE 8Mary Anne Ferguson, Images of Women in Literature, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), 268. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferguson, Mary Anne. Images of Women in Literature. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975. BOOK BY TWO AUTHORS NOTE 9Margaret B. Bryan and Boyd H. Davis, Writing about Literature and Film (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 37-38. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bryan, Margaret B., and Boyd H. Davis. Writing about Literature and Film. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975. BOOK BY THREE AUTHORS NOTE 10J. R. Schubel, A. D. Williams, and W. M. Wise, Suspended Sediment in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (Stony Brook: Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1977), 72. BIBLIOGRAPHY Schubel, J. R., A. D. Williams, and W. M. Wise. Suspended Sediment in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Stony Brook: Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1977. BOOK WITH AN EDITOR OR COMPILER AS AUTHOR NOTE 11Michael Timko, ed., Twenty-Nine Short Stories (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), ix. BIBLIOGRAPHY Timko, Michael, ed. Twenty-Nine Short Stories. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. TRANSLATED BOOK NOTE 12Helmut Thielicke, Man in God’s World, trans. John W. Doberstein (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 43. BIBLIOGRAPHY Thielicke, Helmut. Man in God’s World. Translated by John W. Doberstein. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. 5 A CHAPTER OR ESSAY BY ONE AUTHOR IN A BOOK EDITED BY ANOTHER NOTE 13Richard Wright, "Bright and Morning Star," in Short Stories: A Critical Anthology, ed. Ensaf Thune and Ruth Prigozy (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 387-88. BIBLIOGRAPHY Wright, Richard. "Bright and Morning Star." In Short Stories: A Critical Anthology, Edited by Ensaf Thune and Ruth Prigozy, 368-94. New York: Macmillan, 1973. A BOOK WITH A SOCIETY, ASSOCIATION, OR INSTITUTION AS AUTHOR NOTE 14Antioch College, Educating for Democracy: A Symposium (Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press, 1937), 45. BIBLIOGRAPHY Antioch College. Educating for Democracy: A Symposium. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press, 1937. A MULTIVOLUME WORK WITH EACH VOLUME INDIVIDUALLY TITLED NOTE 15Jaroslav Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and uploads/Litterature/ study-guide-11.pdf