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Harvard LibGuide– visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version.

Harvard LibGuide– visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version. Updated 25-Nov-16 Page 1 Harvard Referencing Style This is a general guide to the Harvard referencing style. Please check the guide provided by your School, or lecturer, as it may vary from these guideline. General guidelines for Harvard Style Harvard style is an author-date referencing system. It has two components: 1. In-text citation: a partial reference to the sources you are referring to in the text of your work. The in-text citation appears in the format of author-date or name-date enclosed in brackets, e.g. (Smith 1998). 2. The reference list: a list containing the full bibliographic details of all the sources cited in your work, usually placed at the end of the document. Entries in the reference list are in alphabetical order by author names and must be in agreement to the in-text citations. Citing in the text The purpose of citing in the text is to provide brief information about the source, sufficient to enable readers to find complete information about the source in the reference list at the end of the document. There are two formats for in-text citations: (Author Date) and Author (Date). The (Author Date) format is used to show the source of the information you are citing, usually placed at the end of a sentence. For example: While an activist image of workers is sometimes presented (Rodrıguez-Garavito 2005), workers are more often depicted as unwilling accomplices in factory managers’ manipulations (Ngai, 2005). The Author (Date) format emphasises the author by integrating author name into the sentence, followed immediately by date in brackets. For example: Robertson and Pitel (2011) predict an average growth of 5% for the continent for 2011 … In the long run, Saarinen (2006) argues, development of tourism may not always be the most favorable use of natural and cultural resources … Citing paraphrases or summaries When referring to the overall content of a work, or putting information in your own words by summarising or paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or researcher and the date of publication. For example: Fast-paced change and complex problems can affect organizations (Wagoner 1968). About Harvard Style There are many varieties of Harvard referencing system. This guide follows the standards described in the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 6th edition, often referred to as the "AGPS Manual" as it was formerly published by the Australian Government Publishing Services. The manual is available in the Library at 808.027 STYL. The online version of this guide is available at http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard. Harvard LibGuide– visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version. Updated 25-Nov-16 Page 2 A page number may be included if you paraphrase a passage, summarise an idea from a particular page, or you wish to direct the readers to a specific page. Page numbers may also be included when referring to a long work and the page number(s) might be useful to the reader. Use p. for a single page and pp. for a range of consecutive pages. For example: At a macro level, negative economic impacts on non-mining sectors of the economy are commonly known as Dutch disease (Corden 2012, p. 3). If the author’s name is integrated into the sentence, only the year of publication and maybe a page number are included in the brackets. For example: Brewer (2001, p. 17) suggests that attachment to ingroups is a primary process, fundamental to individual survival and well-being. Citing a direct quote It is essential to include the author name, year and page number(s) when incorporating a direct quotation into a sentence. Use single quotation marks to enclose short quotations (sentence fragments, a sentence or sentences which are less than 30 words). Fit quotations within your sentences, making sure the sentences are grammatically correct. For example: When Ladkin (2011, p. 1136) suggests that knowledge of tourism and hospitality labour ‘clearly has a contribution to make to current wider societal debates’ she is, as we are, reflecting on the shifting phenomenon of hospitality work. A direct quote that is more than 30 words long is usually indented from the text margin in a block format and use a one size smaller font in single line spacing. Quotation marks are not needed. For example: Citing works with two or three authors When a work has 2 or 3 authors, cite all the names in the order in which they appear in the reference. If you integrate the authors names into the sentence, use ‘and’ instead of the ampersand “&”. For example: Learning on demand is becoming a type of lifestyle in modern society (McLoughlin & Lee 2007). Hogg and Reid (2001) propose several social cognitive processes that may explain leadership dynamics. Harvard LibGuide– visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version. Updated 25-Nov-16 Page 3 Malinowski, Miller and Guota (1995) reported the same effects … The sheer size and scale of the industry causes problems for analysis (Riley, Ladkin & Szivas, 2002). Citing works with 4 or more authors If a work has 4 or more authors, cite only the surname of the first-listed author followed by ‘et al.’ wherever the reference occurs in the text. For example: Results of the cross-national study reported by Liu et al. (1987) indicate that concerns over impacts of tourism on the environment were shared by all the residents surveyed … A total of 38,350 visitors were recorded visiting those areas in 2004, including tour groups (Greiner et al. 2005). Citing multiple references • Multiple references by different authors - If you are referring to two or more references at one point in the text, place them in alphabetical order by author names separated by semicolons. For example: The pace of life is slow allowing for reflection (Hofstede 1997; House et al. 2004; Triandis 1994). • Multiple references by the same author - If you are referring to two or more works by the same author, arrange them in chronological order, starting with the earliest date. For example: This behavior is a form of confirmation bias, first identified by Wason (1960, 1966, 1968),… Confirmation bias (Wason 1960, 1966, 1968) imposes persistence on policy and entrepreneurial expectations, even in the presence of a certain amount of disconfirmation. • References by the same author published in the same year, use a, b, c ... immediately following the year of publication. For example: Combined, NSW, Victoria, Queensland and WA contain 88 per cent of Australia's population (ABS 2013a) and produce around 90 per cent of Australia's GDP (ABS 2013b). Citing authors with the same surname When citing references written by authors with the same surname, include the authors’ initials in in-text citations. For example: Different research reported the same effects occurring, regardless whether it was in lakes (Nguyen, D 2009, p. 3) or rivers (Nguyen, L 2009, p. 145). D Nguyen (2009) and L Nguyen (2009) both reported the same effects occurring in lakes and rivers. Citing sources with no author When the name of an author or authoring body is not available, cite the reference by its title and the year For example: This was apparently not the case before about 1995 (The entrepreneur's guide to the law 1999). Harvard LibGuide– visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version. Updated 25-Nov-16 Page 4 Citing a work with no dates If the publication date of a reference is unknown or unsure, cite it using n.d. (no date), e.g. (Smith n.d.) or Smith (n.d.). If the publication date can be established with some degree of accuracy, use the abbreviation 'c' (circa-about), e.g. (Smith c.1943) or Smith (c.1943). If the publication date is dubious, use a question mark after the date, e.g. (Smith 1943?) or Smith (1943?). Other examples with unsure dates include: • a work that secured a publisher but not yet in the process of publication, e.g. (Smith forthcoming) • a work that is in the process of publication but the publication date is uncertain, e. (Smith in press) Citing a work if no page numbers are available If a resource contains no page numbers, such as a webpage or online newspaper articles, then you cannot include a page number in the in-text citations. However, if the source indicates paragraph numbers, use the abbreviation “para” and the relevant number in the parentheses. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading and the paragraph number following it. For example: As Myers (2000, para. 5) aptly phrased it… … (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1) [Tip: if your source is a journal article in html format (and therefore with no page numbers), check to see if the article is available elsewhere as a pdf. Usually, pdfs include page numbers.] Citing a work discussed in a secondary source Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the original publication. In this case, you will include only the source that you have used in your reference list. Use the words 'cited in' in the parenthetical in text reference to indicate that you have not read the original publication. For uploads/Litterature/ harvard-guide-2016.pdf