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E N V I R O N M E N T P R O T E C T I O N A U T H O R I T Y EPA Guidelines Envi

E N V I R O N M E N T P R O T E C T I O N A U T H O R I T Y EPA Guidelines Environmental management of landfill facilities (municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial general waste) January 2007 Erratum The following correction has been made to the table on page 28 of these guidelines in Table 3, ‘Suggested measures for leachate containment and management systems’: For the measure ‘Design and construct a leachate drainage layer at Class SB+, MB-, MB+ and L sites’, ‘clean, hard, durable, sound gravel’ replaces the third dot point, relating to the composition of the blanket drainage medium. The text ‘clean, hard, durable, sound gravel, rock or aggregate’ has been replaced. E N V I R O N M E N T P R O T E C T I O N A U T H O R I T Y EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of landfill facilities (municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial general waste) JANUARY 2007 EPA Guidelines for environmental management of landfill facilities (municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial general waste) For further information please contact: Environment Protection Authority GPO Box 2607 Adelaide SA 5001 Telephone: (08) 8204 2004 Facsimile: (08) 8124 4670 Freecall: 1800 623 445 (non-metro callers) Email: epainfo@epa.sa.gov.au Web site: <www.epa.sa.gov.au> ISBN 1 921125 34 9 January 2007 © Environment Protection Authority This document may be reproduced in whole or part for the purpose of study or training, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source and to its not being used for commercial purposes or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those given above requires the prior written permission of the Environment Protection Authority. Printed on recycled paper CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... iv 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Who should use this guideline? .................................................................. 2 1.3 How will EPA use this guideline? ................................................................ 2 1.4 Structure of this guideline ....................................................................... 3 1.5 Currency of this guideline........................................................................ 4 2 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDELINE .............................................................. 5 2.1 Guideline implementation schedule............................................................ 6 2.2 Requirements determined by landfill classification ......................................... 6 2.3 What sections relate to specific landfill life cycle stages? ................................. 9 2.4 Additional information...........................................................................12 3 SCREENING AND SITING OF LANDFILL FACILITIES .................................... 13 3.1 Objective ..........................................................................................13 3.2 Waste management plan ........................................................................13 3.3 Community issues.................................................................................13 3.4 Planning regulations .............................................................................13 3.5 Environmental considerations ..................................................................14 3.6 Buffer distances ..................................................................................14 3.7 Water ............................................................................................15 3.8 Surface water .....................................................................................15 3.9 Groundwater ......................................................................................15 3.10 Aboriginal and heritage issues..................................................................16 3.11 Flora and fauna ...................................................................................16 3.12 Infrastructure .....................................................................................17 3.13 Amenity ............................................................................................17 3.14 Unstable areas ....................................................................................17 4 SITE LAYOUT FOR LANDFILL FACILITIES ............................................... 18 4.1 Objectives .........................................................................................18 4.2 Required outcomes...............................................................................18 4.3 Suggested measures..............................................................................18 5 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LANDFILL DESIGN ................................................................................ 20 5.1 Objective ..........................................................................................20 5.2 Required outcomes...............................................................................20 5.3 Suggested measures..............................................................................20 i 5.4 Assessment of potential impacts and management strategies............................ 21 6 LEACHATE CONTAINMENT AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ............................ 25 6.1 Objectives ......................................................................................... 25 6.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 25 6.3 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 25 7 USE OF GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN BASE LINER SYSTEMS....................... 31 7.1 Objectives ......................................................................................... 31 7.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 32 7.3 Considerations related to geosynthetic liners ............................................... 32 7.4 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 34 8 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LANDFILL GAS AND AIR QUALITY................ 38 8.1 Background to landfill gas and air quality ................................................... 38 8.2 Objective .......................................................................................... 38 8.3 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 38 8.4 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 39 9 CAPPING SYSTEMS........................................................................... 42 9.1 Objectives ......................................................................................... 42 9.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 42 9.3 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 42 10 USE OF GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN CAPPING SYSTEMS .......................... 50 10.1 Objectives ......................................................................................... 50 10.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 50 10.3 Considerations related to geosynthetic liners ............................................... 51 10.4 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 53 11 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR LANDFILL FACILITIES................. 57 11.1 Objective .......................................................................................... 57 11.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 57 11.3 Suggested measures ............................................................................. 57 12 CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE PLANS ................................................... 61 12.1 Objectives ......................................................................................... 61 12.2 Required outcomes .............................................................................. 62 12.3 Suggested measures for closure plans ........................................................ 62 12.4 Suggested measures for post-closure management......................................... 65 13 LANDFILL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (LEMP)............................... 67 13.2 Structural framework for the LEMP ........................................................... 68 13.3 LEMP review and approval—existing landfill sites and sites with development approval ................................................................................. 73 13.4 Relevant sections in this guideline ............................................................ 74 ii 14 PROPOSAL OF VARIATIONS OR DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO GUIDELINE MEASURES ................................................................................... 75 14.1 Process overview .................................................................................75 14.2 Preliminary Assessment..........................................................................76 14.3 Development and agreement of performance parameters and process .................76 14.4 Prepare application for alternative............................................................78 14.5 Submit application for assessment ............................................................78 14.6 Examples ...........................................................................................79 15 REFERENCES AND DEFINITIONS........................................................... 82 15.1 References.........................................................................................82 15.2 Waste type glossary and definitions ...........................................................84 16 ATTACHMENTS............................................................................... 86 16.1 Attachment 1—Examples of landfill classification for design of landfill facilities .....86 16.2 Attachment 2—Potential for leachate generation based on climatic conditions .......88 16.3 Attachment 3—Technical guidance for assessment of materials and methodology for construction of clay liners ..........................................................................89 16.4 Attachment 4—CQA minimum requirements .................................................91 16.5 Attachment 5—Minimum properties for various geosynthetic lining materials for base liner systems ...................................................................................92 16.6 Attachment 6—Minimum properties for various geosynthetic lining materials for caps ............................................................................................93 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The assistance of the following organisations and individuals in developing this landfill guideline is gratefully acknowledged: • all respondents who provided valuable feedback during the consultation process that informed the development of this guideline • Waste Definitions Working Group (Waste Management Association of Australia/EPA and other agencies). • Golder Associates • Tonkin Consulting • REM Resource and Environmental Management • GHD Pty Ltd • Anthony Lane, Lane Consulting • Warnken ISE • Jamie VanGulck, Assistant Professor Geoenvironmental Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada ABBREVIATIONS AWWA American Water Works Association CQA Construction Quality Assurance EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environment Protection Authority (South Australia) EPP Environment Protection Policy ISO International Standards Organisation LEMP Landfill Environment Management Plan LFG Landfill Gas MRRF Materials Resource Recovery Facility QA Quality Assurance iv EPA guidelines—Environmental management of landfill facilities 1 INTRODUCTION Poor environmental practices have universally led to a degradation of the world's water, air and land resources. National and international environmental protection authorities are continually refining policies, regulation, practices and procedures with the aim of minimising the risk of environmental harm as part of transitioning to a sustainable future. Landfill has an important role to play as part of the transition required to achieve sustainable resource recovery and waste management—the zero waste concept. The role for landfill primarily involves accepting those residual materials that are unable to be ‘avoided, reduced, reused, recycled or recovered’. It is therefore vital that a precautionary approach be adopted to adequately address the environmental risks of landfill facilities. Development and operation of landfill facilities in South Australia are activities of environmental significance and these activities must be carried out in accordance with the Environment Protection Act 1993 (the EP Act). This guideline is intended to provide guidance to landfill operators, developers, planning authorities and regulatory bodies on the site selection, development, design, construction, operation, closure and post-closure management of municipal solid waste, and commercial and industrial (C&I) general waste landfill facilities so that they can comply with the EP Act. 1.1 Objectives The principal objectives of this guideline are to: • support initiatives by ZeroWaste SA and others to promote and encourage a focus on waste avoidance and minimisation rather than landfill disposal • minimise the risk of adverse impacts on the water and air environments • promote responsible land management and conservation • promote responsible management of hazards and loss of amenity • provide direction, certainty and consistency for the site selection, development, operation, closure and post-closure management of landfill facilities • encourage rationalisation of the number of solid waste landfill facilities. The key operational objectives are to: • promote responsible landfill management • fully utilise the available landfill space and compact the waste to minimise post-closure settlement • minimise contamination of wastes that may constitute future resources • minimise the generation and uncontrolled emissions of leachate and landfill gas that may impact on the environment • improve procedures for monitoring, review and continuous improvement of site operations • minimise the duration and requirement for post-closure maintenance and monitoring • establish a mechanism for meeting guideline objectives if using variations and alternatives to suggested guideline measures. 1 EPA guidelines—Environmental management of landfill facilities 1.2 Who should use this guideline? This guideline applies to all new and existing solid waste landfill facilities that accept municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial general waste. (Definitions of these waste types are presented in Attachment 1). Guidelines for solid inert waste and hazardous waste facilities are separate to this guideline. (Note: inert waste can be managed according to this guideline, but the design and operational requirements would be less than those specified in this guideline if it was disposed of as inert waste only. A separate guideline is being developed for inert waste.) The actions that are required under this guideline for municipal solid waste and C&I general waste landfill facilities depend on three factors: 1. the life-cycle stage of the landfill, for example, new landfills or new uploads/Management/ guide-landfill.pdf