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Early civilizations study guide

Name Class Date PART Note Taking Study Guide TOWARD CIVILIZATION As you read this section in your textbook complete the outline below to summarize information about the periods of early human history and the development of civilizations I Old Stone Age Paleolithic Period A From time of ?rst stone toolmakers to about B C B Nomadic way of life Hunting and gathering bands of to people Made simple tools and weapons II A B III A B C D E ? Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved CName Class Date PART Section Summary TOWARD CIVILIZATION The period from the time of the ?rst stone toolmakers to about B C is known as the Old Stone Age or the Paleolithic Period Paleolithic people were nomads or people who move from place to place to hunt for animals and edible plants They lived in bands of to people and made simple tools and weapons They developed spoken language invented clothing made from animal skins and learned to build ?res About years ago nomadic bands learned to farm This allowed them to remain in one place which ushered in the New Stone Age or Neolithic Age Neolithic people established permanent villages and learned to tame animals Village life reshaped the roles of men and women During times of want warfare increased Success in battle enabled some men to gain status as warriors which gave them power over both women and other men The status of women declined About years ago the advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations Historians have identi ?ed seven basic features common to most early civilizations wellorganized central governments complex religions job specialization social classes arts and architecture public works and writing Food surpluses in the river valleys of Africa and Asia helped populations to expand As populations increased some villages grew into cities The challenge of farming in a river valley contributed to the development of city governments Projects to control ooding and channel waters to ?elds required organization Over time city governments became more complex and government bureaucracies grew Social organization also became more complex People were ranked according to their jobs Priests and nobles were usually at the top followed by merchants and artisans or skilled craftworkers Below them were the peasant farmers and slaves at the very bottom Priests developed writing to record information Early writing was made up of pictographs or simple drawings that represented ideas As ancient rulers gained more and more power they conquered territories beyond their cities Some conquered many cities and villages creating empires or groups of states territories and peoples ruled by one person Review Questions Why did city governments develop in river valleys READING CHECK Who are nomads VOCABULARY STRATEGY What does the word status mean in the underlined sentence Note that the word status is repeated in the next sentence As men gained status as warriors the status of women declined How does this help you understand