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Ue6 epreuve orale d x27 economie se deroulant partiellement en anglais 2

SUJET N DSCG DATE novembre APRES -MIDI SESSION UE ?? ÉPREUVE ORALE D'ÉCONOMIE SE DÉROULANT PARTIELLEMENT EN ANGLAIS Document autorisé aucun sauf ceux qui sont fournis avec le sujet Préparation de l'épreuve heures Durée de l'épreuve heure maximum exposé minutes maximum entretien en français minutes maximum entretien en anglais minutes maximum Coe ?cient SUJET Comment accro? tre l ? attractivité des territoires Annexe THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLUSTER CONCEPT ?? PRESENT EXPERIENCES AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS Prepared for NRW conference on clusters Duisburg Germany Dec Dr Christian Ketels Harvard Busiess School DSCG ?? UE Épreuve orale d'économie se déroulant partiellement en anglais CSUJET N DATE novembre APRES -MIDI DOCUMENT Clusters and economic performance Clusters develop and are important because they create economic bene ?ts The bene ?ts of a cluster come in three dimensions First companies can operate with a higher level of e ?ciency drawing on more specialized assets and suppliers with shorter reaction times than they could in isolation Second companies and research institutions can achieve higher levels of innovation Knowledge spillovers and the close interaction with customers and other companies create more new ideas and provide intense pressure to innovate while the cluster environment lowers the cost of experimenting Third the level of business formation tends to be higher in clusters Start-ups are more reliant on external suppliers and partners all of which they ?nd in a cluster Clusters also reduce the cost of failure as entrepreneurs can fall back on local employment opportunities in the many other companies in the same ?eld These bene ?ts are important both for cluster participants and for public policy For companies they create additional value that ouweighs the often-higher costs of more intense competition for specialized real estate skills and customers at the location They are thus the reasons that clusters emerge naturally from pro ?t- maximizing decisions For public policy higher productivity and innovation in clusters are critical because they are the factors that in the long term de ?ne the sustainable level of prosperity in a region Note however that the interests of these groups are not identical Public policy is not concerned about the distribution of the cluster bene ?ts among companies employees and owners of critical assets such as real estate while company owners clearly are The performance of a cluster at a speci ?c location is driven by the business environment that the cluster is operating in ??Business environment ? is a broad and naturally vague term almoste everything ?? from the quality of the schools to the strategies of local competitors ?? matters for the level of productivity and innovation that companies in the cluster reach at this speci ?c location To organize this complexity Michael Porter has in introduced the so-called ??diamond ? as an analytical tool to assess business environments The diamond indludes the four elements factor conditions e g physical infrastructure skills etc ? demand conditions e g sophistication of local customers product and consumer regulation the context for strategy and rivalry