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Dictionary of the targumim the talmud babli and yerushalmi and the midrashic literature

CA DICTIONARY O F THE TARGUMIM THE TALMUD BABLI AND YERUSHALMI AND THE MIDRASHIC LITERATURE COMPILED BY MARCUS JASTROW PH D LITT D WITH AN INDEX OF SCRIPTURAL QUOTATIONS VOLUME I - LONDON W C L U Z A C Co NEWYORK G P PUTNAM'S SONS GREAT RUSSELL STREET W d STREET CW DRUGULIN ORIENTAL PRINTER LEIPZIG GERMANY CIN LOVE AND GRATITUDE CPREFACE The literature embraced in this Dictionary covers a period of about one thousand years and contains Hebrew and Aramaic elements in about equal proportions The older Hebrew elements which may conveniently be called the Mishiiaic and can in part be traced back to the ?rst if not to the second century B E may be considered a continuation of the Biblical Hebrew-Biblical Hebrew tinged with Aramaisms It is therefore apt to throw light more directly than its successor on many obscure words and passages in the Bible nevertheless the material for Biblical exegesis deposited in the later literature is an inexhaustible mine which still awaits exploitation by sympathetic students Besides the Mishnah and the Tosefta the Mishnaic period embraces Sifra and SifrB Mekhilta and the older elements preserved in the Gemara of which the prayers incidentally quoted are a very essential and interesting part The later Hebrew elements in the Gemara and in the Midrashim lead down to the ?fth and the eighth century respectively and to a larger degree than the earlier Hebrew sections are mixed with Aramaic elements and with foreign words borrowed from the environment and re ecting foreign in uences in language as well as in thought The Aramaic portions of the literature under treatment comprise both the eastern and the western dia ects l Owing to the close mental exchange between the Palestinian and the Babylonian Jews these dialects are often found inextricably interwoven and cannot be dis'tinguished lexicographically The subjects of this literature are as unlimited as are the interests of the human mind Religion and ethics exegesis and homiletics jurisprudence and ceremonial laws ritual and liturgy philosophy and science medicine and magics astronomy and astrology history and geography commerce and trade politics and social problems all are represented there and re ect the mental condition of the Jewish world in its seclusion from the outer world as well as in its contact with the same whether in agreement' or in opposition F o r these Aramaic elements the traditional though admittedly incorrect term Chaldaic Ch ch is retained in the Dictionary wherever the designation is required for distinction from the corresponding Hebrew forms CTI PREFACE Owing to the vast range and the unique character of this literature both as to mode of thinking and method of presentation it was frequently necessary to stretch the limits of lexicography and illustrate the de ?nitions by means of larger citations than would be necessary in a more familiar domain of thought Especially was this the case with legal and with ethical subjects Archaeological matters have often been elucidated by references to Greek and