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PROOF/ÉPREUVE Reference number ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) © ISO/IEC 1999 TECHNICA

PROOF/ÉPREUVE Reference number ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) © ISO/IEC 1999 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 14369 First edition 1999-##-## Information technology — Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces — Guidelines for the preparation of Language-Independent Service Specifications (LISS) Technologies de l'information — Langages de programmation, leurs environnements et interfaces du logiciel d'exploitation — Lignes directrices pour l'élaboration de spécifications de service indépendantes du langage (LISS) — ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. © ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyright@iso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii Contents Page INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................X Background................................................................................................................................................ x Principles ................................................................................................................................................... x 1. SCOPE.................................................................................................................... 1 2. REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 1 3. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................... 2 3.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................2 3.2 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................4 4. OVERVIEW............................................................................................................. 5 4.1 Services, interfaces, service providers and service users...................................................................5 4.2 Information technology services ..........................................................................................................5 4.3 Services and language independence.................................................................................................6 4.4 Language-independent specifications .................................................................................................7 4.5 Problems of language dependence and inbuilt assumptions ..............................................................7 4.5.1 Representational assumptions...................................................................................................8 4.5.2 Implementation assumptions .....................................................................................................8 5. GUIDELINES ON STRATEGY ................................................................................ 9 5.1 General guidelines ...............................................................................................................................9 5.1.1 Guideline: Dependence of the interface on the service............................................................9 5.1.2 ...Guideline: What to do when there are interoperability, concurrency, or time constraint issues. ...................................................................................................................................................9 5.1.3 Guideline: Use of marshalling/unmarshalling ...........................................................................9 5.1.4 Guideline: Recruiting expertise from a variety of backgrounds ..............................................10 5.2 What to do if starting from scratch .....................................................................................................10 5.2.1 General guidelines...................................................................................................................10 5.2.2 Specifying the service in language-independent form.............................................................10 5.2.3 Specifying the interface to the service in language-independent form....................................11 ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved 5.3 What to do if starting from an existing language-dependent specification.........................................11 5.3.1 General guidelines ...................................................................................................................12 5.3.2 Converting an existing language-dependent specification of the service into language- ndependent form..................................................................................................................................13 5.3.3 Converting an existing implicit interface into an explicit language-independent interface.......14 5.3.4 Specifying a language-independent interface to a service whose specification is language- dependent ............................................................................................................................................15 6. GUIDELINES ON DOCUMENT ORGANISATION.................................................17 6.1 Guideline: The general framework....................................................................................................17 6.1.1 Checklist of parts for inclusion .................................................................................................17 6.2 Guideline: Production and publication ..............................................................................................18 6.3 Guideline: Document organisation when starting from a language-specific specification................19 7. GUIDELINES ON TERMINOLOGY .......................................................................20 7.1 Guideline: The need for rigour ..........................................................................................................20 7.2 Guideline: The need for consistency.................................................................................................20 7.3 Guideline: Use of undefined terms....................................................................................................20 7.4 Guideline: Use of ISO 2382 ..............................................................................................................20 7.5 Guideline: Use of definition by reference ..........................................................................................21 7.6 Guideline: Terminology used in bindings ..........................................................................................21 8. GUIDELINES ON USE OF FORMAL SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES.................22 8.1 Guideline: Use of a formal specification language............................................................................22 8.2 Checklist of formal specification languages.......................................................................................22 8.2.1 Estelle.......................................................................................................................................22 8.2.2 Lotos.........................................................................................................................................22 8.2.3 VDM-SL....................................................................................................................................23 8.2.4 Z ...............................................................................................................................................23 8.2.5 Extended BNF..........................................................................................................................23 8.3 Guideline: Using formal specifications from the outset.....................................................................24 8.4 Guideline: Use of operational semantics ..........................................................................................24 ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v 9. GUIDELINES ON INTEROPERABILITY ............................................................... 25 9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................25 9.1.1 Interoperability with what? .......................................................................................................25 9.1.2 The nature of the interoperation...............................................................................................26 9.1.3 How interoperation is invoked..................................................................................................26 9.2 Guidelines on interoperability with other instantiations of the same service .....................................26 9.2.1 Guideline: Identifying features affecting interoperability.........................................................26 9.2.2 Guideline: Precise definition and rigorous conformity requirements ......................................26 9.2.3 Guideline: Importance of exchange values.............................................................................27 9.3 Guidelines on interoperability with other services..............................................................................27 9.3.1 Guideline: Interoperability with other services being defined at the same time......................27 9.3.2 Guideline: Interoperability with a pre-defined service.............................................................27 10. GUIDELINES ON CONCURRENCY ISSUES....................................................... 29 10.1 Guidelines on concurrency within the service specification.........................................................29 10.1.1 Guideline: Avoidance of unnecessary concurrency requirements......................................29 10.2 Guidelines on concurrency of interaction with service users.......................................................29 10.2.1 Guideline: Handling of concurrent service requests ...........................................................30 10.2.2 Guideline: Number of concurrent service requests handled...............................................30 10.2.3 Guideline: Order of processing of service requests............................................................30 10.2.4 Guideline: Criteria for prioritizing service requests .............................................................30 10.3 Guidelines on concurrency requirements on bindings.................................................................30 10.3.1 Guideline: Avoidance of concurrency requirements ...........................................................30 10.3.2 Guideline: Specification of unavoidable concurrency requirements...................................31 11. GUIDELINES ON THE SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION OF DATATYPES.... 32 11.1 Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC 11404:1996 Language-independent datatypes...............................32 11.2 Guideline: Specification of datatype parameter values ..............................................................32 11.3 Guideline: Treatment of values outside the set defined for the datatype ...................................32 11.4 Guideline: Specification of operations on data values................................................................33 11.5 Guideline: Recommended basic set of datatypes ......................................................................33 11.6 Guideline: Specification of arithmetic datatypes.........................................................................33 11.7 Guideline: Approach to language bindings of datatypes ............................................................34 11.8 Guideline: Avoidance of representational definitions..................................................................34 ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved 12. GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATION OF PROCEDURE CALLS ............................35 12.1 Guideline: Avoidance of unnecessary operational assumptions or detail ..................................35 12.2 Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC 13886:1996 (LIPC) procedure calling model ...................................35 12.3 Guidelines on the use of ISO/IEC 13886:1996 (LIPC) ................................................................36 12.3.1 Guideline: Selection of datatypes of parameters................................................................36 12.3.2 Guideline: Selection of parameter passing modes .............................................................37 12.3.3 Guideline: Use of bindings to LIPC.....................................................................................37 12.4 Interfacing via remote procedure calling (RPC)...........................................................................37 12.4.1 Guideline: Avoid limiting the service specification because of constraints on the interface specification .........................................................................................................................................38 12.4.2 Guideline: Specification of RPC interface...........................................................................38 12.4.3 Guideline: Use of subsets ...................................................................................................38 12.4.4 Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC 11578:1996 (RPC) ...................................................................38 12.5 Guideline: Guidance concerning procedure calling to those defining language bindings to the language-independent service specification......................................................................................39 13. GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATION OF FAULT HANDLING.................................40 13.1 Guideline: Fault detection requirements .....................................................................................40 13.2 Checklist of potential faults ..........................................................................................................40 13.2.1 Invocation faults ...................................................................................................................41 13.2.2 Execution faults....................................................................................................................41 13.3 Guideline: Recovery from non-fatal faults...................................................................................41 14. GUIDELINES ON OPTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION DEPENDENCE...............42 14.1 Guidelines on service options ......................................................................................................42 14.1.1 Guideline: Optional service features...................................................................................42 14.1.2 Guideline: Avoidance of assumptions about the use of the service ...................................42 14.1.3 Guideline: Management of optional service features..........................................................43 14.1.4 Guideline: Definition of optional features ............................................................................43 14.2 Guidelines on interface options....................................................................................................43 14.2.1 Guideline: Completeness of interface..................................................................................43 14.2.2 Guideline: Interface to service with options .........................................................................43 14.3 Guidelines on binding options......................................................................................................43 14.3.1 Guideline: Completeness of binding ....................................................................................43 14.3.2 Guideline: Binding to a service with options ........................................................................44 14.3.3 Guideline: Binding to a language with optional features......................................................44 14.4 Guidelines on implementation dependence.................................................................................44 14.4.1 Guideline: Completeness of definition .................................................................................44 14.4.2 Guideline: Provision of implementation options...................................................................45 14.4.3 Guideline: Implementation-defined limits............................................................................45 ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE vii 15. GUIDELINES ON CONFORMITY REQUIREMENTS............................................ 47 15.1 Guidelines for specifying conformity of implementations of the service......................................48 15.1.1 Guideline: Avoidance of assumptions about the implementation language.......................48 15.1.2 Guideline: Avoidance of representational assumptions......................................................48 15.1.3 Guideline: Avoidance of implementation model..................................................................48 15.1.4 Guideline: Requiring end results rather than methods .......................................................48 15.2 Guidelines for specifying conformity of implementations of the interface....................................48 15.2.1 Guideline: Requirements on implementation-defined aspects ...........................................48 15.3 Guidelines for specifying conformity of bindings..........................................................................48 15.3.1 Guideline: Propagating requirements to conforming bindings............................................48 15.3.2 Guideline: Adherence to defined semantics .......................................................................49 16. GUIDELINES ON SPECIFYING A LANGUAGE BINDING TO A LANGUAGE- INDEPENDENT INTERFACE SPECIFICATION ........................................................... 50 16.1 Guideline: Use of bindings to LID and LIPC ...............................................................................50 16.2 Guideline: Adherence to defined semantics ...............................................................................50 16.3 Guideline: Binding document organisation .................................................................................50 16.4 Guideline: "Reference card" binding documents ........................................................................51 17. GUIDELINES ON REVISIONS.............................................................................. 52 17.1 Kinds of change that a revision can introduce.............................................................................52 17.1.1 Addition of a new feature .....................................................................................................52 17.1.2 Change to the specification of a well-defined feature..........................................................52 17.1.3 Deletion of a well-defined feature ........................................................................................52 17.1.4 Deletion of ill-defined feature ...............................................................................................53 17.1.5 Clarification of ill-defined feature..........................................................................................53 17.1.6 Change or deletion of obsolescent feature..........................................................................53 17.1.7 Change of level definition.....................................................................................................53 17.1.8 Change of specified limit to implementation-defined value. ................................................53 17.1.9 Change of other implementation requirement .....................................................................53 17.1.10 Change of conformity clause ...............................................................................................53 17.2 General guidelines applicable to revisions ..................................................................................53 17.2.1 Guideline: Revision compatibility ........................................................................................53 17.3 Guidelines on revision of the service specification ......................................................................54 17.3.1 Guideline: Determining impact on interface and language bindings ..................................54 17.3.2 Guideline: Minimising impact on interface and language bindings.....................................54 17.3.3 Guideline: Use of incremental approach to revision ...........................................................54 17.4 Guidelines on revision of the service interface ............................................................................54 17.4.1 Guideline: Buffering unrevised bindings from changes ......................................................54 17.4.2 Guideline: Use of incremental amendments.......................................................................54 ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) viii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO/IEC 1999 – All rights reserved 17.5 Guidelines on uploads/s1/ iso14369-guidelines-for-preparation-of-language-independent-service-specifications-liss.pdf