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b What is diabetes? b Type 2 diabetes prevention b Prevention checklist b Livin

b What is diabetes? b Type 2 diabetes prevention b Prevention checklist b Living with diabetes b Complications b Terms to know b Resources YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES To promote and protect the health of Canadians through leadership, partnership, innovation and action in public health. —Public Health Agency of Canada This publication is a product of the Public Health Agency of Canada. This publication can be made available in alternative formats upon request. Également disponible en français sous le titre : Votre guide sur le diabete This publication is available to order. Please call: 1 800 O-Canada (1-800-622-6232) or download from www.phac-aspc.ca. TTY: 1-800-926-9105 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2011 Printed: ISBN: HP35-27/2011E Cat.: 978-1-100-19611-4 Online: ISBN: HP35-27/2011E-PDF Cat.: 978-1-100-19612-1 Did You Know? You may be pre-diabetic and not know it. Pre-diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to diagnose diabetes. Talk to your health care provider to learn more. Your Guide to Diabetes b b Diabetes affects roughly two and a half million Canadians. Left untreated, diabetes can lead to many serious complications, including: heart disease, kidney disease, vision loss, and lower limb amputation. b b The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) estimates that 5 million Canadians over the age of 20 are currently pre-diabetic. An additional 1 million new cases of pre-diabetes are expected by 2016. Pre-diabetes is a key risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and if left untreated more than half of the people with pre-diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 8 to 10 years. b b Although diabetes can lead to serious complications and premature death, there are steps that can be taken to prevent or control the disease and lower the risk of complications. This guide is intended to help you understand diabetes, how certain types can be prevented or managed, and how to live with the condition. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 1 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES What is diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic disease that results from the body’s inability to sufficiently produce and/or properly use insulin, a hormone that regulates the way glucose (sugar) is stored and used in the body. The body needs insulin to use sugar as an energy source. There are several forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. What is pre-diabetes? Pre-diabetes occurs when blood glucose (sugar) levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose is the main sugar found in the blood and the body’s main source of energy. If left untreated, more than half of the people with pre-diabetes will have type 2 diabetes within 8 to 10 years. Pre-diabetes can be prevented, and is most common in people over the age of 40 and in people who are overweight. Pre-diabetes can be managed, or in some cases reversed, through healthy lifestyle choices. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 2 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES Understanding type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes TYPE 1 DIABETES TYPE 2 DIABETES (MOST COMMON) GESTATIONAL DIABETES WHAT HAPPENS? b b The body can no longer produce insulin. b b The body does not make enough insulin and/or does not respond well to the insulin it makes. b b High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) occurs during pregnancy, but usually disappears within six weeks of delivery. DEVELOPS WHEN? b b Usually develops in childhood or early adolescence. b b Most common in people over the age of 40 and in people who are overweight. b b Develops during pregnancy, affecting 4 per cent of all pregnant women. ACTIONS b b Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of serious complications. b b Requires multiple injections to regulate insulin levels. b b Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of serious complications. b b May require medication to regulate blood glucose levels. b b May be managed through healthy lifestyle choices. b b May require medication to regulate blood glucose levels. RISKS b b Can lead to many complications, including: heart disease, kidney disease, vision loss and lower limb amputation. b b Can lead to many complications, including: heart disease, kidney disease, vision loss and lower limb amputation. b b Increases the risk of both the mother and child developing type 2 diabetes. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 3 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES Did You Know? Nine out of ten Canadians with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Seniors represent almost 45 per cent of the total number of people with the disease, and this number is expected to rise as Canada’s population continues to age. Type 2 Diabetes Prevention What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body no longer produces enough insulin, or has difficulty using the insulin it produces, causing sugar to build up in the blood. Over time, this damages blood vessels and nerves and can result in severe complications including: blindness, heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, nerve damage, amputation, and erectile dysfunction. Adopting a healthier lifestyle can help prevent or control type 2 diabetes, and can significantly reduce your risk of heart disease, and stroke. It can also contribute to your overall well-being and quality of life. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 4 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES Did You Know? Pre-diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to diagnose diabetes. Did You Know? You can have type 2 diabetes, but may not notice any signs or symptoms. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider are important to prevent or manage diabetes. How is diabetes diagnosed? Diabetes is diagnosed by measuring blood glucose (sugar) levels. However, there are a variety of different ways to test for diabetes. Your healthcare provider can identify which test is best for you. Who is at-risk? If you have one or more of the following factors, you may be at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: b b Pre-diabetes b b Overweight or obesity b b Age (people 40 years of age or older are at higher risk) b b High blood pressure b b Physically inactive b b Family history of diabetes b b Member of some ethnic populations including South Asian, East Asian, Aboriginal and Black b b History of gestational diabetes PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 5 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? b b Unusual thirst b b Frequent urination b b Unplanned weight change (gain or loss) b b Extreme fatigue or lack of energy b b Blurred vision b b Frequent or recurring infections b b Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal b b Tingling or numbness in hands or feet b b Trouble getting an erection If you have any of these symptoms, you may wish to visit your healthcare provider. Good management can prevent or delay complications associated with the disease. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 6 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES Prevention Checklist While you can’t change some risk factors (age, family history, ethnic background, etc.), other risk factors for diabetes may respond to lifestyle changes. ; ; Know Your Body Mass Index (BMI) Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. BMI is an easy way to estimate excess fat. Even a small change in body weight can reduce your risk of diabetes. BMI scores of: Below 18.5 = Underweight 18.5–24.9 = Normal 25.0–29.9 = Overweight/Pre-obese 30.0 and over = Obese To calculate your BMI, go to the inside back cover of this guide or visit www.publichealth.gc.ca/CANRISK to complete the Canadian diabetes risk questionnaire. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 7 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES Did You Know? Your waist circumference is important to know (this is not the same as the waist size of your pants). ; ; Measure your waist circumference The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher if fat is stored around the abdomen (rather than the hips and thighs). BMI assessments do not take into account where fat is stored. Men with a waist circumference of 102 cm (40 inches) or more and women with a waist circumference of 88 cm (35 inches) or more are at higher risk. Measure after breathing out (do not hold your breath). This is not the same as the waist size on your pants. ; ; Eat a healthy, balanced diet By adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet, in addition to eating foods that are rich in fibre and low in sugar and fat, can help you maintain or lose weight. In addition to monitoring the foods you eat, you should also monitor portion size, while still ensuring that they contain enough healthy nutrients. Health Canada’s Eating Well With Canada’s Food Guide can help you make healthy choices. Visit www.healthcanada.gc.ca/ foodguide to learn more. PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA 8 YOUR GUIDE TO DIABETES ; ; Be physically active Increasing physical activity, which can help control weight, can also reduce your chances of developing type 2 diabetes. Visit PHAC’s website for more information uploads/s3/ diabetes-your-guide-to.pdf