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AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 1 I. PHYSIOLOGY  LOCOMOTION  PM Contr

AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 1 I. PHYSIOLOGY  LOCOMOTION  PM Contraction - Rigor Mortis  PM Cooling - Algor Mortis  PM Staining - Livor Mortis  Creatine phosphate in muscle is referred to as ATP sparer or energy buffer  Each molecule of glucose produce – 38 ATPs  About 5-6 hrs after death, all muscles of the body assume a state of contracture – Rigor Mortis  The efficiency of muscle contraction is – 45%  Muscle contraction without shortening in length – Isometric Contraction  Whole cardiac muscle obeys all or none law because of Syncytium  Refractory period is the brief period during which muscles undergoing contraction for a first stimuli is unable to respond to a second stimuli  The energy of contraction of muscle is directly proportional to the length of the fibre- Sterling law  Tetanisation is the fusion of successive twitches when the frequency of stimuli is given at a rapid rate  Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder in which auto antibodies are produced against Ach receptors  BLOOD  Plasma constitutes about 55-70% of blood  Viscosity in blood is provided by gamma globulins  Arterial blood is more Alkaline than venous blood  Yellow colour of the plasma is due to Bilirubin  Serum differs from plasma lacking fibrinogen, prothrombin and other coagulation factors  RBC of species o Biconcave - Dog, Cow, Sheep o Shallow/flat - Goat o Shallow concave - Horse, Cat o Elliptical, sickle shape - Camel , Deer o Elliptical & nucleated - Birds, Amphibians  Poikilocytosis – variation in cell shape  Aniosocytosis – variation in cell s size AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 2  Larger size RBC – in dog (7.3 micron)  Smaller size RBC – in goat (4.1 micron)  Mature RBC derive energy from Anaerobic EMP pathway and HMP shunt since they have no mitochondria  Aplastic anemia lacks functional bone marrow  True PCV = venous PCV*0.96(Correction factor for trapped plasma)  Rouleaux formation is seen in equines and dogs  ESR is negatively influenced by Reticulocyte and Albumin  Site of synthesis of Monocytes - Lymphoid tissue of bone marrow and spleen  In ruminants Haemal lymph nodes functions as spleen  Vit B12 and folic acid are essential for maturation of RBC  Methemoglobin is formed by oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron  Hb has 200 times more affinity for CO than O2  Each gram of Hb binds with a maximum of 1.34 ml of O2  Average life span of RBC is 120 days (20-30 days in poultry)  Destruction of RBC in dog is in bone marrow  RETICULO ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM o In liver and spleen –Stellate Or Kupfer Cells o In tissues - Histiocytes Or Macrophages o In blood - Monocytes  The ratio of WBC to RBC is more in goats(1:1300) and less in cattle(1:800)  Shift to left is an increase in number of immature neutrophils characteristic of bacterial infections  T-lymphotes provide cellular immunity  B-lymphocytes provide humoral immunity  Suppressor or regulatory T cells regulate the activities of Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells  Life span o Granulocyte - 4-8 hrs o T lymphocytes - 2-3 yrs o B lymphocytes - 3-4 days o Monocytes - 24 hrs o Platelets - 8-11 days  Platelets are nucleated in birds and reptiles  Albumin acts as a primary carrier to fatty acids  Plasma proteins acts as blood buffer and thus maintains pH(7.4) AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 3  Prostaglandin o PGG2,PGH2 - Platelet aggregation o PGI2 - Vasodilator o PGI2 - Platelet aggregation inhibitor  Vitamin K is necessary for the formation of prothrombin and clotting factors V, VII, IX and X  Heller And Paul Mixture =Ammonium oxalate : potassium oxalate = 3:2  Sodium fluoride is ideal anticoagulant for estimation blood glucose level  Hemophilia A due to deficiency in factor VIII  Heparin is produced by mast cells and Basophils  Blood groups o Dogs - 8 groups o Horse - 8 groups o Cattle - 11 groups o Sheep - 7 groups o Pigs - 13 groups  HEART AND CIRCULATION  Systemic Circulation - 84% of Blood  Pulmonary circulation - 8% of Blood  Coronary circulation - 7% of Blood  SA node controls the rate of heart  Excitatory stimuli originate outside SA node - Ectopic foci  Conduction velocity is fastest in Purkinje fibres  Cardiac sounds can be recorded by using an instrument called phonocardiogram  Lub sound (S1) – closure of AV valve  Dub sound (S2) – closure of pulmonary valve  Electriocardiograph is an instrument to measure electrical changes of heart  QRS complex shows spreading of electrical potential through A.V node, bundle of his ,purkinje fibres, ventricular muscles  Output of each ventricle is referred as stroke volume  Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by either the left or right ventricle through the aorta or pulmonary artery per minute  Starlings law = Energy liberated by cardiac muscle is directly proportional to fibre length  Vagus nerve is negative chronotropic and negative inotropic AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 4  Two baroceptors one in carotid sinus (sinus or buffer nerve) and one in aortic body (cardio depressor nerve)  Endothelin is the most potent of all the mammalian vasoconstrictor substances  True capillaries are the place of nutrient exchange  Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure  Blood pressure using Sphygmomanometer is measured using femoral artery in dogs and Coccygeal artery in cattle  Increased blood flow to tissues in response to increased metabolic rate is called as Active Hyperemia  Cerebrospinal fluid produced from lateral, third and fourth ventricle of brain  RESPIRATION  Exchange between atmospheric air and pulmonary capillary is External respiration  Gas exchange occurs in Alveoli  Dead space is the respiratory passage from the External nares to alveoli  Hyperventilation is increased in alveolar ventilation cause respiratory alkalosis  Hypoventilation is decreased in alveolar ventilation cause respiratory acidosis  Inspiration is an active process, Expiration is passive process  In horse even under rest, expiration is active  Hypernea is state of breathing in which rate, depth or both are increased  Polypnea - rapid, shallow panting type of respiration  Tidal volume – air breathed in during a quite normal respiration  The entry of air in to pleural cavity is called Pneumothorax  Residual volume represents the amount of gas remaining in the lung even after forced expiration  Respiratory quotient(RQ)= Volume Of CO2/ Volume Of O2 o RQ of CHO - 1 o RQ of Lipids - 0.7 o RQ of protein - 0.8  Partial pressure of O2 in alveoli pO2=100 mmHg  Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli pCO2=40 mmHg  One gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2  Arterial blood venous blood pO2= 100 mmHg pO2 =40 mmHg pCO2=40 mmHg pCO2=45 mmHg AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 5  Greater portion of CO2is transported in blood in chemical combination as HCO3  Chloride shift or hamburger shift – in venous blood HCO3 ion comes out of RBC and to replace Cl ion goes in to RBC  Binding of O2 to Hb displaces CO2– a phenomenon referred to as “Haldane effect”  Asphyxia is hypoxia combined with hypercapnea  Hering Breuer reflex – inhibits inspiration so that prevents further inflation during over stretch  Central chemoreceptor area is in medulla, peripheral chemoreceptor area is in carotid and aortic bodies  RESPIRATION IN BIRDS  Both inspiration and expiration are active  Syrinx - is the vocal organs in birds  Exchange of gases between lungs and blood occur in Parabronchi  Since Air sacs are Avascular, no gaseous exchange occurs  Diverticula from airsacs are connected to many bones , hence they are pneumatic  NERVOUS SYSTEM  Astrocytes closely attached to blood vessels of CNS  Microglia or microcytes formed from leucocytes  Schwann’s cell (neurilemma) produce myelin sheath, insulating and coating nerve fibre  Nodes of ranvier aid in flow of ions between ECF and ICF  Velocity of myelinated nerve fibre ranges from 30 -100m/sec, whereas in unmyelinated 30 m/sec  The duration of activity of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft last only for 1-2 m sec  Specific type of neuron synthesis and release only one type of neurotransmitter substance at nerve terminal – Dale’s principle  Neurotransmitters susceptible to anoxia and anesthetic agents  Excitatory neurotransmitters : Glutamate,Substance P, L-Aspartate  Inhibitory neurotransmitters: Glycine, GABA, Dopamine, Serotonine, Taurine, Morphine, Endorphine  Both excitatory and inhibitory : Ach, Nor Epinephrine, Epinephrine, Histamine, PG  Neurotransmitter Aminoacid Precursor o Norepinephrine phenyl alanine o Glycine serine o GABA L-glutamic acid AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES Page | 6  Exteroreceptors and proprioreceptors are collectively called uploads/Finance/ tanuvas-icar-guide.pdf