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USING THE DICTIONARY WORDORDER kabbalistique /kabalistik/ ADJ ⇒cabalistique cal

USING THE DICTIONARY WORDORDER kabbalistique /kabalistik/ ADJ ⇒cabalistique caldron /wkOaldr@n/ N ⇒cauldron Alphabetical order is followed throughout. If two variant spellings are not alphabetically adjacent, each is treated as a separate headword; where the information is not duplicated, there is a cross-reference to the form treated in depth. For the alphabetical order of compounds in French,see COMPOUNDS. honor /wrn@r/ (US) ⇒honour honour (Brit), honor (US) /wrn@r/SYN Americanvariationsinspellingaretreatedin the same fashion. ICAO /xaIsiaeIw@U/ N (abbrev of International Civil Aviation Organization) OACI f Icarus /wIk@r@s/ N Icare m ICBM /xaIsiabiawem/ N (abbrev of intercontinental ballistic missile) ICBM m Proper names, as well as abbreviations and acronyms, will be found in theiralphabeticalplace in the wordlist. raie1 /RE/ SYN NF h 1 (= trait) line; (Agr = sillon) fur- row; (= éraflure) mark, scratch ◆faire une raie2 /RE/ SYN NF (= poisson) skate, ray; (Culin) skate ◆raie bouclée thornback ray ◆raie manta manta ray ◆raie électrique electric Superior numbers are used to separate words of like spelling: raie1, raie2; blow1, blow2. COMPOUNDS Entries may include sections headed COMP (compounds). In these will be found English hyphenated words, such as body-surf (under body), and point-to-point (under point), and unhyphenated combinations of two or more elements, such as hazardous waste (under hazardous), air traffic control (under air). Theorderofcompoundsisalphabetical.Partsofspeechareshown,and whenthere ismorethan one,thisissignalledby alozenge. Single words such as blackbird and partygoer, which are made up of two elements, but are not hyphenated, appear as headwords in the mainalphabeticallist. English spelling is variable in this area, and there are possible alterna- tives: backhander/back-hander, paintbrush/paint brush/paint-brush etc. If the single word form is the most common, this will be treated as a headword; paintbrush therefore does not appear in the entry paint. When looking for a word of this type, users should bear in mind that it may befoundeitherinacompoundsection,or as aheadword. On the French side, only unhyphenated combinations, such as gaz na- turel and modèle déposé, appear in compound sections. Alphabetical order is not affected by linking prepositions, thus Casque bleu pre- cedes casque à pointe. The part of speech is given where it could be am- biguous or where there is more than one. Hyphenated words, such as arrière-pensée and lave-glace, are treated as headwords. If a word can appearbothwithorwithout ahyphen,both spellings are given. PLURALS Irregular plural forms of English words are given in the English- French side, those of French words and compounds in the French- Englishside. In French, all plurals which do not consist of headword + s are shown, eg: cheval, -aux. Regularpluralsarenotshown in English. – Most English nouns take -s in the plural: bed-s, site-s. – Nouns that end in -s, -x, -z, -sh and some in -ch [tS] take -es in the plural: boss-es, box-es, dish-es, patch-es. – Nounsthatendin-ynotprecededbyavowelchangethe-yto-iesinthe plural: lady-ladies, berry-berries (but tray-s, key-s). Plural forms of the headword which differ substantially from the sin- gular form are listed in their alphabetical place in the word list with a cross-reference,andrepeatedunderthesingular form. French invariable plurals are marked " INV on the English-French side foreaseofreference. GENDERS Feminine forms in French which are separated alphabetically from the masculine form in the word list are shown as separate headwords witha cross-referencetothemasculine form. A feminine headword requiring a different translation from its mas- culineformisgiveneitheraseparateentryoraseparatecategoryinthe caseofcomplex entries. In the English-French side the feminine forms of French adjectives are given only where these are not regular. The following are considered regularadjectiveinflections: -, e; -ef, -ève; -eil, -eille; -er, -ère; -et, -ette; -eur, -euse; -eux, -euse; -ien, -ienne; -ier, -ière; -if, -ive; -il, -ille; -on, -onne; -ot, -otte When the translation of an English noun could be either masculine or feminine, according to sex, the feminine form of the French noun translationisalwaysgiven. USING THE DICTIONARY XII SETPHRASESANDIDIOMS Set phrases and idiomatic expressions are also placed under the first element or the first word in the phrase which remains constant de- spiteminorvariationsinthephrase itself. To break somebody’s heart and to break the back of a task are both in- cluded under break. To lend somebody a hand is however under hand because it is equally possible to say to give somebody a hand. Where this “first element″ principle has been abandoned a cross- referencealertstheuser. At break, cross-references to ice, record etc indicate that to break the ice and to break a record are treated at these entries. Certain very common French and English verbs, such as faire and make,formthe basisofavery largenumber of phrases: faire honneur à, faire du ski, faire la fête etc. to make sense of something, to make an appointment, to make a mistake etc. We have considered such verbs to have a diminished meaning and in such cases the set phrases will be found under the second element, eg: faire la fête under fête, to make sense of something under sense. The following is a list of verbs which we consider to have a diminished meaning: French: avoir, être, faire, donner, mettre, passer, porter, prendre, remettre, reprendre, tenir, tirer English: be, become, come, do, get, give, go, have, lay, make, put, set, take. USING THE DICTIONARY XIV INDICATINGMATERIAL General indicatingmaterialtakesthefollowing forms: In parentheses( ) – Synonymsprecededby=. – Partial definitionsandother information which guide the user. – Syntactical information to allow the non-native speaker to use the wordcorrectly.Thisisgivenafter the translation. In square brackets[ ] – Withinverb entries,typicalnounsubjects of the headword. – Withinnoun entries,typicalnouncomplements of the headword. – Typical objectsofverbsprecededby+. – Typical noun complementsofadjectives. – Typical verb or adjective complementsof adverbs. USING THE DICTIONARY XVI NonCstandsfor“uncountable”andservestomarknounswhicharenot normally used in the plural or with the indefinite article or with nu- merals. NonC occurs only as a warning device in cases where a non- native speaker might otherwise use the word wrongly. There has been no attempt to give an exhaustive account of “uncountability″ in En- glish. NonC has also been used as an indicator to distinguish meanings inthesourcelanguage. SPE ´Cstandsfor“technicalterm”. This indicates that the common English word is “eardrum” and that “tympanum”isrestrictedtothe vocabulary of specialists. . is used when the source language headword or phrase has no equivalent in the target language and is therefore untranslatable. In suchcasesthe nearestculturalequivalent is given. Sometimes it is accompanied by an explanatory gloss (in italics). Such a gloss may be given alone in cases where there is no cultural equiva- lentinthetarget language. Small capitals are used to indicate the spoken stress in certain English expressions. Field labels Labelsindicatingsubject fieldsoccur in the following cases : – To differentiate variousmeaningsofthe headword. – When the meaning in the source language is clear but may be am- biguousinthetargetlanguage. A full list of the abbreviated field labels is given on pages XXVIII and XXIX. USING THE DICTIONARY XVIII STYLELABELS A dozen or so indicators of register are used to mark non-neutral words and expressions. These indicators are given for both source and target languages and serve mainly as a warning to the reader using the for- eign language. The following paragraphs explain the meaning of the most common style labels, of which a complete list is given, with ex- planations,onpagesXXVIIIandXXIX. frm denotes formal language such as that used on official forms, in pronouncementsandother formalcommunications. * indicates that the expression, while not forming part of standard language, is used by all educated speakers in a relaxed situation but would not be used in a formal essay or letter, or on an occasion when thespeakerwishestoimpress. * * indicates that the expression is used by some but not all educated speakers in a very relaxed situation. Such words should be handled with extreme care by non-native speakers unless they are very fluent inthelanguage andareverysureoftheir company. * * * means “Danger !″ Such words are liable to offend in any situation, andthereforearetobe avoidedby the non-native speaker. † denotes old-fashioned terms which are no longer in wide current use butwhichthe foreign user islikelytofindin reading. †† denotes obsolete words which the user will normally find only in classical literature. The use of † and †† should not be confused with the label Hist. Hist does not apply to the expression itself but denotes the historical context of theobjectitrefersto. liter, littér denote an expression which belongs to literary or poetic lan- guage. The user should not confuse these style labels with the field labels Lit- erat, Littérat which indicate that the expression belongs to the field of literature. Similarly the user should note that the abbreviation lit indi- catestheliteral,asopposedtothefigurativefig,meaningofaword. Forthepurposeofthisdictionarytheindicatorssl(slang)andarg(argot) mark specific areas of vocabulary restricted to clearly defined groups of speakers (eg schoolchildren, soldiers, etc) and for this reason a field la- belisaddedtothelabelslorargmarkingthedeparturelanguageexpres- sion. The labels and symbols above are used to mark either an individual word or phrase, or a whole category, or even a complete entry. Where a headword is marked with asterisks, any phrases in the entry will only haveasterisksifthey are ofadifferent register from the headword. USING THE DICTIONARY XX PUNCTUATION A comma is used to separate translations which have the same or very similarmeanings. Asemi-colonseparatestranslationswhicharenotinterchangeable.As a general rule, indicators are given to differentiate between non- interchangeable translations. Ablack lozenge precedesevery newphrase. In the translation of phrases, an alternative translation of only part of thephraseisprecededbyeither ororou. uploads/Geographie/ af-guide.pdf