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Hungaro-Raetica II. BY PROF. DR. ALFRÉD TÓTH Mikes International The Hague, Hol

Hungaro-Raetica II. BY PROF. DR. ALFRÉD TÓTH Mikes International The Hague, Holland 2007 ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - II - Kiadó 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL' alapítvány, Hága, Hollandia. Számlaszám: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Cégbejegyzés: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Terjesztés A könyv a következő Internet-címről tölthető le: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html Aki az email-levelezési listánkon kíván szerepelni, a következő címen iratkozhat fel: mikes_int-subscribe@yahoogroups.com A kiadó nem rendelkezik anyagi forrásokkal. Többek áldozatos munkájából és adományaiból tartja fenn magát. Adományokat szívesen fogadunk. Cím A szerkesztőség, illetve a kiadó elérhető a következő címeken: Email: mikes_int@federatio.org Levelezési cím: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Hollandia _____________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The book can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: mikes_int-subscribe@yahoogroups.com The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: mikes_int@federatio.org Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland _____________________________________ ISSN 1570-0070 ISBN-13: 978-90-8501-111-8 NUR 616 © Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007, All Rights Reserved ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - III - PUBLISHER’S PREFACE Today we publish four new works of Professor Alfréd Tóth. Present volume is entitled ‘Hungaro-Raetica II.’. The following volumes of Prof. Tóth were published electronically by Mikes International: ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HUNGARIAN (in English) (792 p.) HUNGARIAN, SUMERIAN AND EGYPTIAN. — HUNGARIAN, SUMERIAN AND HEBREW. Two Addenda to ‘Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian’ (EDH) (in English) (113 p.) HUNGARIAN, SUMERIAN AND PENUTIAN — Second Addendum to ‘Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian’ (EDH) (in English) (37 p.) HUNGARIAN, SUMERIAN AND INDO-EUROPEAN — Third Addendum to ‘Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian’ (EDH) (in English) (118 p.) IS THE TURANIAN LANGUAGE FAMILY A PHANTOM? (in English) (36 p.) HUNGARO-RAETICA (in English) (39 p.) The Hague (Holland), August 2, 2007 MIKES INTERNATIONAL ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - IV - CONTENTS Publisher’s preface...........................................................................................................III 1. Introduction into Sumerian-Rhaetic research........................................................................ 1 2. Sumerian kab, Akkadian kappu(m) “wing of a horse bit”, Hungarian gebe “worn out horse” and gép “horse-driven machine” ................................................................................... 3 3. Hungarian substrate words in German and English............................................................. 5 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................5 2. Hungarian substrate words and their Sumerian and Rhaetic origin.....................................................................5 3. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................. 15 4. Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................ 15 4. Ablaut in Hungarian..............................................................................................................17 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 17 2. Ablaut in Hungarian.................................................................................................................................................. 17 3. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................ 23 4. Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................ 23 5. When did the Sumerians leave Mesopotamia? .................................................................... 25 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 25 2. Towards a relative chronology of the Sumerian exodus from Mesopotamia.................................................. 25 3. Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................ 27 6. “Sumér = Magyar” (“Sumerian = Hungarian”)? ................................................................ 29 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 29 2. Sumerian, Hungarian and other languages ............................................................................................................ 30 3. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................. 31 4. Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................ 33 About the author ..............................................................................................................34 ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 1 - 1. Introduction into Sumerian-Rhaetic research The Transylvanian Tordos/Turdaş culture was proven by C14 method to go back to around 5000-5000 B.C. and showing striking parallels to the Sumerian Uruk-Warka IV- (ca. 3500-3200 B.C.) and Jemdet- Nasr (ca. 3100-2900 B.C.) cultures (von Torma 1894, Vlassa 1963, Badiny 2001, Tóth (2007a). Thus, the official assumption that the Sumerians were already present in Mesopotamia since the 6th millennium B.C. (Edzard 2003) cannot be true, since it is completely out of discussion to assume that a part of Sumerians wandered to Transylvania where they lost their traces still in the 6th millennium B.C. Therefore, it must be assumed (1) that the Sumerians are of Transylvanian origin and must have come to Mesopotamia between ca. 5000 and 3500 B.C., (2) that the Sumerians are thus not autochthonous in Mesopotamia (which was already suggested by Ungnad 1936, p. 7), and (3) that there may be well “Proto-Tigridian” and “Proto-Euphratean” substrates in Mesopotamia as assumed by Salonen (1967) and Bauer (1998) and implicated by the many non-Sumerian place names in Mesopotamia (cf. Edzard 1974, 1977; Frayne 1992), but contradicted for example by Rubio (1999) and Michalowski (2000). The Transylvanian Proto-Sumerians used a writing that was partly pictorial and partly runic and is preserved on several of the findings of the Tordos archaeological site. Labat and Zakar (1976) proved that this Tordos writing corresponds exactly to the Hungarian rovásírás (runic writing) that was still used by the Székely people in Transylvania until the 18th century (Sebestyén 1915). Moreover, Labat and Zakar (1976) also showed that the Tordos writing was the origin of the cuneiform writing developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, whose pictorial origin was confirmed by Glassner (2003), and later borrowed and changed by the Akkadians and the Ugarits. Tóth (2007a) showed that the Tordos writing is also the origin of the “Northern Etruscan” Alphabets used for example by the Etruscans, the Venetians, the Rhaetians and the Germanics. Since Tóth (2007a) also proved that the Etruscans, who were early Hungarians (Alinei 2003, Tóth 2007b), must have borrowed their Runic writing from the Rhaetians which gave it to the Germanics which whom they stood in direct geographical contact in Southern Germany, this implicates a very intimate relationship between the Sumerians and the Rhaetians. But the Rhaetians may not only have borrowed their runic writing from the Sumerians, but also many words. Since it was proved in Brunner and Tóth (1987) and in Tóth and Brunner (2008) that the Rhaetians were the closest relatives of the Akkadians, we have good reason to assume that many if not most of the Sumerian borrowings in Akkadian – Lieberman (1977) lists almost 1000 words – are in reality Rhaetic or came at least mediated by the Rhaetians in the languages that originated or still originate from Sumerian, and amongst them - as shown in the 5 volumes of EDH (Tóth 2007) – Hungarian is clearly the most direct successor language of Sumerian. In “Hungaro-Rhaetica” (Tóth 2007c), I have already shown that Hungarian rejteni “to hide” and Hungarian gede, gida, gödölye “little goat, kid” have cognates in Sumerian and in Rhaetic that exclude change, borrowing and Wanderwörter (migrating words). In “Hungaro-Rhaetica II” that I present here, I continue my research about the intrinsic relationship between Sumerian and Rhaetic showing not only more word-cognates but also grammatical phenomena in 5 little studies. Since we know alread the time- frame when the Pre-Sumerians came to Mesopotamia, a special study is dedicated to the relative chronology of the question when the Sumerians left Mesopotamia and where they migrated first. ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 2 - Bibliography Alinei, Mario, Ősi kapocs. Budapest 2003 Badiny, Jós Ferenc, Igaz történelmünk vezérfonala Árpádig. Budapest 2001 Bauer, Josef, Der vorsargonische Abschnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte. In: Bauer, Josef et al. (eds.), Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und frühdynastische Zeit. Freiburg and Göttingen 1998, pp. 429-585 Brunner, Linus and Tóth, Alfréd, Die rätische Sprache enträtselt. St. Gallen 1987 Edzard, Dietz Otto, Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Zeit der 3. Dynastie von Ur. Wiesbaden 1974 Edzard, Dietz Otto, Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der präsargonischen und sargonischen Zeit. Wiesbaden 1977 Edzard, Dietz Otto, Sumerian Grammar. Leiden and Boston 2003 Frayne, Douglas, The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names. New Haven 1992 Glassner, Jean-Jacques, The Invention of Cuneiform Writing in Sumer. The Johns Hopkins U.P. 2003 Labat, René and Zakar, András, A sumér és akkád ékjelekről. Garfield, N.J. 1976 Lieberman, Stephen J., The Sumerian loanwords in Old-Babylonian Akkadian. Harvard U.P. 1977 Michalowski, Piotr, The life and death of the Sumerian language in comparative perspective. In: Acta Sumerologica 22, 2000 Rubio, Gonzalo, On the alleged “pre-Sumerian substratum”. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 51, 1999 Salonen, Armas, Zum Aufbau der Substrate im Sumerischen. Helsinki 1968 Sebestyén, Gyula, A magyar rovásírás hiteles emlékei. Budapest 1915 Tóth, Alfréd, Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian. 5 vols. Mikes International, The Hague 2007 Tóth, Alfréd, Überlegungen zu einer relativen Chronologie der rätischen Sprache. In: Zeitschrift für Sprache und Sprachen 35, 2007 (= Tóth 2007a) Tóth, Alfréd, Etruscan-Hungarian word-equations. In: Zeitschrift für Sprache und Sprache 35, 2007 (= Tóth 2007b) Tóth, Alfréd, Hungaro-Rhaetica. Mikes International, The Hague 2007 (= Tóth 2007c) Tóth, Alfréd and Brunner, Linus, Rhaetic: A Semitic Language in Central Europe. Danvers, MA 2008 (in print) Ungnad, Arthur, Subartu. Berlin and Leipzig 1936 Vlassa, Nicolae, Chronology of the Neolithic in Transylvania, in the light of the Tartaria settlement’s stratigraphy. In: Dacia 7, 1963, pp. 485-495 von Torma, Zsófia, Ethnographische Analogieen. Jena 1894 ALFRÉD TÓTH : HUNGARO-RAETICA II. ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, Alfréd Tóth 2007 - 3 - 2. Sumerian kab, Akkadian kappu(m) “wing of a horse bit”, Hungarian gebe “worn out horse” and gép “horse-driven machine” In the uploads/Geographie/ alfred-toth-hungaro-raetica-ii.pdf